清末新政时期中国使节制度变革述论

使节制度是近代外交制度的重要组成部分。中国近代使节制度产生于总理衙门时期。清末新政十年间,清政府通过严格出使大臣的选用标准,统筹使馆随员的使用,实现使馆定员定岗,控制出使经费的使用,健全使馆武官制度,重申中国接受及派遣使领的合法权利,对中国近代使节制度进行了变革与完善。这一时期的变革围绕集权、高效展开,极大地推动了中国使节制度的近代化。     

从文徵明的经历看明中期吴中士商关系之渐变

明代中期尤其是正德以后,中国社会,尤其是经济文化发达的江南地区社会开始发生显著的变化,而作为社会的精英阶层,这种变化鲜明地体现于士人身上。吴中地区城市工商经济的发达,导致部分士人对生活方式作出了全新的选择,并由此带动了当地士风的变化。文徵明作为出身官僚家庭的传统文人,一向以保守、审慎著称,但在大环境的影响下,他也以各种方式参与当时的文化市场,并对商人、商业活动有着不同于以往士大夫阶层的全面评价,从中我们可以看到吴中社会风尚的深层变革。     

古物

古物指与考古学、历史学、古生物学及其他文化有关之物,其范围广、种类多,其保存价值以其时代、数量及其所具备的科学、历史和艺术价值为标准。我国的古物收藏,起自殷商,历经各代,在宋清两朝尤其兴盛,至西方学说传入后,古物被视为公有而供公众观赏。收藏古物,要重视其科学价值,不可收藏的古物应就地保存,可收藏的古物要遵循科学的方法。要认识古物的价值,用近代的方法研究、保存。     

实验室微型发掘方法在北周武帝孝陵 发掘中的应用

1994年经国家文物局批准,陕西省考古研究所对北周武帝孝陵进行了抢救性发掘,由于墓葬多次被盗,又多次进水,导致墓内的文物发生严重扰乱和腐蚀,尤其是墓内发现的大量易碎、细小及糟朽的有机质文物,使现场清理遇到了很大的困难。为了最大程度地获取地层中的所有考古信息,首次大规模、针对性地对孝陵五号天井东、西龛,四号天井东龛,甬道及墓室的文物采取了整体分割打包,运回实验室进行微型发掘的方法。通过对现场提取的74个石膏包的微型发掘和清理,获得了在现场无法发现的重要文物和遗迹,共清出文物2330件。尤其是直径不足1mm的无色琉璃珠在显微镜下的发现更是将微型发掘的优势凸显到了极点。它不仅弥补了现场发掘的不足,更是利用先进仪器,将考古发掘、科技考古和文物保护完美地进行了融合。实践证明实验室微型发掘方法是考古现场发掘不可或缺的必要手段。     

近代安徽族田经营研究

在近代安徽,就族田的田产经营而言,出租给外姓中、贫农耕种是主要经营方式;地租形态主要是实物地租,且租率较一般私田低;大部分欠租是在催缴过程中通过协商解决.就族田的地租经营而言,宗族通过放贷、购田和投资工商业实现地租的增值;宗族放贷地租的利率大大低于一般私人放贷;族田地租向近代工商业转化已渐露端倪.     

The treatment of leprosy in 19th‐century London: a case study from St Marylebone cemetery

A young adult male, context [825], exhibiting a suite of proliferative and erosive skeletal changes, was excavated from the old burial ground of St Marylebone, London, in 2005 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). Although pathognomonic rhinomaxillary changes were absent, a number of lesions were of a type previously recorded in individuals suffering from lepromatous leprosy, including resorption of the alveolar process of the maxillae and the digits of the right hand, osteomyelitis in the left ulna and collapse of the left ankle. Whilst this infectious disease was widespread in medieval Britain, it had declined by the 19th century, and has been identified in only one other post‐medieval archaeological context. The right leg of [825] had been surgically amputated. This form of intervention was a recognised treatment for the complications of the disease, where neuropathic damage of limbs led to life‐threatening infection. The healing of the amputation demonstrates the success of the operation, and the skill of the surgeon. Although the identity of the affected individual is unknown, burial within St Marylebone cemetery implies a level of status not frequently associated with leprosy sufferers in the past. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Slaves, servants and wage earners: Free and unfree labour, from Grotius to Blackstone

This article provides an intellectual history of the status of wage earners as conceptualized within the natural law paradigm by European writers both on the Continent and in Britain. Historians of political discourse have mostly investigated the consequences of such a status for the political rights of labourers. This article shows that the crucial moves were made by different authors analysing the relation of servant to master either in the domestic sphere or in private contracts. The article further contends that that resulting deeply ambiguous analyses implied a far from complete personal freedom for wage earners. This had a decisive impact on different visions of commercial society in early modern times, and left a significant legacy for moderns.     

明末清初文人命运之管窥——侯方域生平考

侯方域是明末清初著名的文人之一,他出生于名门望族,受过良好的教育,很早就名满天下。他早年交游广阔,与当时的一帮名士朝夕对酒作诗,品评当世人物,颇有济世之志。后来,因得罪了小人,自己落得四处飘零,又由于农民战争及清军的蹂躏,他的大部分好友都散去或死去;明清易代,他又成了夹缝中的遗民。他虽然英年早逝,但短暂的一生却历经巨变沧桑。