Theodore Caplow. Two Against One: Coalition in Triads

The authors collect information on visual artists to allow a broad historical ranking of the most prominent artists. Their purpose is to examine the birth and work locations, and the consequential pattern of labor movement, of prominent artists over a number of long time periods. The article indicates that a relatively simple column-inch approach may suffice for the purpose of identifying the thousand or so most prominent artists, but that much more detailed source material is then required to examine the labor mobility experiences of these artists. A significant bias to the home or target market country is posited in the ranking of artists across countries, even in prestigious publications. Some preliminary data are provided on the ranking of artists by country of birth, covering a very broad historical sweep.     

STRUCTURES SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE: Verviers, 1806–1846

Abstract

The author constructed measures of market structure for the music recording industry for the years 1890 to 1988. This measure can be used both to test a variety of hypotheses about the industry itself and to serve as part of a broader study of culture-based industries. For example, data were used to test a hypothesis relating market structure to the diversity of products issued by the industry (P. J. Alexander 1997). The main finding was that a moderately concentrated market structure provided greater product diversity than an atomistic or monopolistic market structure. Whereas census data and previous studies of the industry provide some information about industry structure, these sources are severely limited in scope and detail. Finally, similar rankings in other culture-based industries (e.g., broadcast television, radio, cable television) might provide a useful index of concentration in those industries.     

The importance of a reliable grouping - Neutron activation analysis (NAA) data of Mycenaean pottery sherds re-evaluated with the Bonn filter method

Using the Bonn statistical procedure to form groups of samples of similar composition and hence origin, published NAA concentration data of Mycenaean pottery sherds from Mycenae and Tiryns measured in Vienna have been newly grouped and, after minor interlaboratory adjustments of a few elemental concentration values, proven to agree with well known Mycenaean patterns measured in Bonn and other laboratories. This demonstrates the importance of a good grouping procedure and also, that data from different laboratories can be used in provenance studies providing a larger reference data base.     

空间视角下的区域非均衡再研究:回顾与展望

文章根据新经济地理学理论和空间数据分析技术的最新发展,针对区域经济非均衡中出现的空间集聚、区域差异、增长收敛三种表现方式,分类梳理和归纳了国内外学者在该领域具有代表性的理论和实证成果。这些研究或对其进行了成因分析,或测度了非均衡程度,或完善了产业政策和区域政策,强调了地理因素在区域非均衡发展中的重要作用,拓展了该领域的发展空间。文章的最后进一步提出需要将挖掘微观因素、将社会性变量纳入模型、拓宽研究尺度等下一步研究方向。     

Population,light, and the size distribution of cities

We provide new insights on the city size distribution of countries around the world. Using more than 10,000 cities delineated via geospatial data and a globally consistent city identification scheme, we investigate distributional shapes in all countries. In terms of population, we find that Zipf's law holds for many, but not all, countries. Contrasting the distribution of population with the distribution of economic activity, measured by nighttime lights, across cities we shed light on the globally variant magnitude of agglomeration economies. Deviations from Zipf's law are to a large extent driven by an undue concentration in the largest cities. They benefit from agglomeration effects which seem to work through area rather than through density. Examining the cross‐country heterogeneity in the city size distribution, our model selection approach suggests that historical factors play an important role, in line with the time of development hypothesis.     

Anglo-Saxon Economy and Ecology by a Downland Stream: A Waterlogged Sequence from the Anglo-Saxon Royal Settlement at Lyminge,Kent

Palaeoecological and geoarchaeological investigations which cover the Anglo-Saxon period are rare, particularly in chalk downland landscapes which are considered to have limited palaeoenvironmental potential. The present study explores a sequence which can be directly related to the occupation history of the major Anglo-Saxon settlement at Lyminge, Kent. This work demonstrated a sequence of palaeochannels and organic deposits associated with the latter part of an archaeological sequence which spans the 5th to the 11th centuries AD. A range of evidence for the environment and economic activity is presented which suggests landscape continuity, possibly stretching back as far as the Romano-British period. The sequence revealed worked wood and evidence for livestock management and cereal cultivation, some of which is contemporary with the final phases of occupation of a 7th century ‘great hall complex’ and its subsequent transformation into a royal monastery. Agricultural activity following the abandonment of the pre-monastic settlement area caused this stream margin to become gradually buried by ploughwash which displaced the channel over time and sealed the organic deposits. It is incredibly rare to find such organic preservation in direct association with an Anglo-Saxon downland rural settlement and this is the first time that such a sequence has been analysed in association with the latter phases of a known Anglo-Saxon royal and monastic centre.     

An Interdisciplinary Study on the Environmental Reflection of Prehistoric Mining Activities at the Mitterberg Main Lode (Salzburg,Austria)

A multi‐proxy study by palynological, geochemical, archaeological and dendrochronological analyses discloses the mining activities at the Mitterberg Main Lode. By these means, several mining phases with varying intensity are recorded during the Bronze and Early Iron Age, whereupon a west to east shift of the mining activity at the Mitterberg Main Lode can be observed. The initial mining phase (Phase II), from the 21st to the 15th centuries bc , is characterized by an opening up of the forest vegetation and, additionally, by slightly elevated heavy metal deposition. Phase III shows a first bloom phase of the chalcopyrite mining during the 14th and 13th centuries bc . Pollen analyses disclose extensive clearings used for pasture and settlement. The increased human impact and higher heavy metal pollution suggest intensive mining activity, which is corroborated by the dendrochronological and archaeological data. Phase IV is characterized by mining activities in progress during the 12th century bc . The pollen data reflect a stabilization of the vegetation and slightly elevated As/Cu/Sb to Sc ratios. During Phase V, in the 11th century bc , new clearings indicate a re‐intensification of the mining activities at the Mitterberg Main Lode. Phase VI, from the ninth century bc onwards, describes a human impact with lower intensity at the mining site. This interdisciplinary study at the Mitterberg Main Lode contributes new environmental data for an important area of past metal mining and extends our understanding of the relationship between miners and their landscape.     

Palynology and archaeological inference: bridging the gap between pollen washes and past behavior

Credible interpretation of pollen recovered from archaeological sites hinges upon understanding how pollen becomes deposited by both the environment and human behavior. The environmental role has been studied to some extent, but how the activities of people have formed the pollen assemblages at archaeological sites is usually just assumed rather than considered explicitly. Moreover, the complexity involved in the interaction between human behavior and pollen ecology is seldom considered. An archaeological case study of grinding tool pollen washes highlights the ambiguities of standard practice because the results confound common assumptions about pollen washes. A series of experimental seed and grinding tool washes designed to test the relationships between the processing of seeds and the deposition of pollen help explain why, for most situations, artifact pollen washes do not provide direct or even faithful records of plant processing. These results highlight the need for further experimental research with pollen so that we are warranted in making behavioral inferences from palynology. This conclusion is easily extended to other microbotanical data classes that archaeologists regularly employ.     

创新活动空间集聚及其影响机制研究评述与展望

创新的空间集聚现象是创新活动最重要的空间特征之一。传统的基于经济学的创新研究框架忽视了空间的重要性,20世纪90年代以来,随着创新地理学的兴起,对创新集聚的空间问题研究得到大力扩展和延伸。本文围绕创新活动在空间上是否集聚、在哪里集聚、如何集聚等问题,从集聚化、本地化和网络化三个方面对创新集聚的空间特征进行了梳理,并归纳总结出影响创新集聚的五种机制：知识溢出、服务共享、高技能劳动力匹配、不确定性和竞争,在此基础上讨论了当前研究存在的问题,并提出了深化创新集聚空间特征研究、完善创新活动与区域及城市间的互动理论、推动对创新网络的测度与演化研究、加强创新集聚的微观机制及模型化工作等建议。     

哈大巨型城市带要素集聚分异与空间极化格局

在界定空间极化概念的基础上,应用均匀度指数、基尼系数、崔王指数分析城市带内部要素集聚程度分异及空间极化格局,结论如下：①1990-2014 年哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度时空分异明显,"核心-边缘"结构逐步显现,城市带内部基于要素集聚程度的哈长与辽中南次区域逐渐发育;②城市带内部要素集聚存在显著的空间极化,空间极化的"四城市"格局已经形成;③城市发展内源力是哈大巨型城市带整体空间极化的主要影响因素,城市投资强度和经济发展水平对城市带空间极化格局演变的影响也较显著。城市投资强度与吸引力差异是哈长次区域空间极化分异的重要影响因素,而城市发展内源力是影响辽中南次区域空间极化的主要因素。