Inheritance relationship between Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon and Ru Guan celadon: Comments on the rationality of Raman Ip value evaluating firing temperature

The development of Chinese ceramics culminated during the Song dynasty. At this time, exquisite celadon works emerged, such as Ru Guan celadon and Southern Song dynasty official kiln celadon, which exhibited the glory of their era. Since the excavation of Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon in Ruzhou city, Henan province, China, it has been attracting widespread scholarly attention at home and abroad. Most scholars have suggested that Zhanggongxiang is the official kiln of the Northern Song dynasty. In this paper, taking the celadon unearthed from the Zhanggongxiang kiln as a sample, the combination of laser Raman spectrum and thermal expansion methods is used to study the inheritance relationship between Zhanggongxiang celadon and Ru Guan celadon in the firing process. Meanwhile, the rationality of using Raman I_p value to evaluate the firing temperature of ceramics is reviewed. The main conclusions are as follows. First, the firing temperature of Zhanggongxiang celadon with various glaze colours is quite different, whereas the firing temperature of the same glaze colour is similar, thereby inheriting the firing technology of Ru Guan porcelain. Second, the I_p value of glaze cannot evaluate the firing temperature of porcelain with similar firing temperature. The I_p value corresponds to a range, within which it does not fully conform to the rule that the larger the I_p value, the higher the firing temperature. The I_p value is also associated with the formulation in addition to firing temperature. It is applicable to evaluating porcelains with a similar formulation but a large temperature difference.     

An investigation into the testamentary content of Stafford wills 1761–1860*

This research investigates the testamentary elements contained in the wills of Stafford residents during the period 1761–1860, a period of paradigm change which resulted in Stafford transforming from a small County Town with a population of almost four thousand in 1801, to an industrial centre of over twelve thousand by 1860. The article explores only a small portion of the testamentary content found in Stafford wills, but the results give a unique insight into aspects of life not always covered by other historical documents. Industrialisation resulted in cheaper goods being made available to more people, so the testamentary elements of Stafford wills were investigated to see if bequests of personal and household items increased. The nineteenth century also raised many social concerns, of which funerals were one. The first half of the nineteenth century was known for its extravagant and expensive funerals, so testator’s instructions were investigated to see what type of funeral arrangements were requested. The results highlight that changes cannot always be identified unless research covers a long enough timespan. Also, that despite campaigns to promote will making, in Stafford the number of testators as a percentage of the population declined in the nineteenth century. Industrialisation and the availability of cheaper goods also did not, as might have been expected result in an increase in testamentary bequests of specific ‘things’, but rather a decline. Using the preamble of a will for funeral arrangements also became less common in the nineteenth century.     

论皇权传承规范对西汉帝陵布局的制约

先秦社会的氏族残余比较浓厚,昭穆制度影响较大。秦汉时期,皇权取得了独尊地位,"父子相传"的皇统传承规范成为制约帝陵布局的重要因素。西汉葬于渭北祖陵区的皇帝有八位与其前任皇帝属父子关系,而文帝因为平辈冲突,宣帝因为代际缺环,均未入葬祖陵区。平帝虽与哀帝同辈,但西汉后期以来,"为人后"原则日渐成为皇权传承的补充条款,王莽本着这个原则,葬平帝于渭北。     

中国传统文化在建筑设计中的传承与发展

中国传统文化对建筑设计有着极其深刻的影响,主要体现在中国传统的布局方式和人文思想等方面。建筑设计必须在继承中创新,有选择性地保留传统文化中有价值的内容,创造性地将建筑设计与传统文化相结合,追求自然和谐的效果,以推进古建筑以及文物保护工作。     

From verifiable authenticity to verisimilar interventions: Xintiandi,Fuxing SOHO,and the alternatives to built heritage conservation in Shanghai

ABSTRACT

The introduction of contemporary architecture into historic urban environments creates an open heritage discussion that includes the underlying relationship between development and conservation. This discussion requires theoretical clarification, as heritage conservation is frequently mistaken for other architectural design approaches that, even though they may operate within the historic environment as their primary source, do not comply with the complex definition of heritage authenticity used today. This article aimed to contribute to this debate, offering a characterization of such architectural design strategies operating through principles of verisimilitude that target authentication for tourists and the creative classes in a global city like Shanghai. Comparative studies of Xintiandi (Ben Woods, 2001) and Fuxing SOHO (Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner, 2015) provided an insight into the concepts of historic re-creation and abstract inheritance, currently used as ways of interpreting the historic residential typology of the Shanghai lilong according to the economic and political aims of the entrepreneurial model of governance. This allowed a critical evaluation of the growing attention paid to heritage in Shanghai in the last 25 years, and whether the substitution of the principle of authenticity for authentication has solved the contradictions between urban conservation and development in contemporary China.     

近50年来国内关于史学传统的研究

中国史学的优良传统是当代史学得以发展的重要思想资料之一。发掘和继承中国史学的优良传统,作为我们史学创新的起点,这是当前历史条件下史学发展的要求。近50年来国内关于史学传统的研究从整理史学遗产工作开始,对史学传统的研究逐渐从内容的总结上升到对民族精神、人文精神的挖掘,并就一些史学传统之间的联系和现实意义展开讨论,出现了活跃的局面。从中可以预见中国史学传统研究的趋势和前景,为新时期史学进行新创造提供借鉴。     

Men who ‘Marry Out’: unsettling masculinity,kinship, and nation through migration across the Taiwan Strait

Family reunification has become a widely recognized means to move across borders in the contemporary world. As a migration strategy, family reunification redefines the relationship of kinship to nation, diversifying the ‘national family’ and its gendered role expectations. This article uses cross-border marriages between Chinese and Taiwanese to interrogate how immigration affects the experiences of men who migrate through or in conjunction with marriage, integrating scales of family, citizenship, and nation in an analysis of migrant masculinity. Migrant husbands describe their disempowerment as male providers and citizens through the patrilineal and patrilocal kinship language of having ‘married out.’ The article examines the salience of this kinship model for immigrant husbands seeking to redefine their relationship to patrilineal gender privileges and secure citizenship status. How do men who migrate through marriage negotiate gendered kinship principles that may work to their benefit in their home country but undermine their status once they migrate? How does the experience of migrating as a kin-dependent threaten men’s self-image as family providers? By investigating these challenges to hegemonic masculinity, the article asks how migration reconfigures the gendered foundations of family formation by undermining kinship-based models of normative masculinity and creating a gender crisis for some migrant husbands.     

馆藏皮影文物的数字化保护探讨——以黑龙江省民族博物馆馆藏皮影为例

中国皮影已被列入联合国《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》,是中华民族文化的重要载体。黑龙江省民族博物馆收藏两千多件精品皮影文物,部分影件距今已逾百年,但由于影件是由有机皮质制成,陈展保护与馆藏久存都具有较高的难度。为了更好地保护皮影文物,记录并传承其蕴含的人文信息,利用数字化技术对馆藏皮影进行了数字化综合性保护研究,在皮影传承人的配合下,完善皮影基本信息,实现皮影数字化采集,建立皮影关系数据库,探讨皮影数字化采集的新方式。研究结果在一定程度上提高皮影保护和传承的水准,促进馆藏文物信息静态与动态管理的互补。     

继承与断裂:清初的会推与专制皇权的强化

清初继承的明制包括了高级官员的会推制度,然而此制在康熙年间逐渐没落。开列制与保举制的先后引入,使皇帝加强了对会推的控制,会推的质量得到了一定的保证,但也产生了低效、徇私等弊,得人效果不佳。康熙朝官员参与会推的积极性较低,不愿承担保举责任。决策时,康熙帝常与大学士共议,并越来越多地行特简之权,但也因此造成了明珠等权臣借机结党营私。明清会推中皇权的强化,不仅是皇帝个人意愿的展现,更是政局现实与政治文化综合作用的结果。