三种植物精油对博物馆空气霉菌的抑菌活性研究

从广西民族博物馆易滋生霉菌的展柜里分离、纯化及鉴定了三株霉菌,并研究香叶精油、罗勒精油和山苍子精油对霉菌的抑菌效果,测试这些植物精油喷洒于纸张表面后纸样的防霉性及鉴定三种精油的主要抑菌活性成分。实验结果显示,三种供试植物精油对霉菌均具有显著的抑菌效果,在纸张上的防霉效果也很明显,其综合抑菌效果大小为:香叶精油罗勒精油山苍子精油。GC-MS分析表明,香叶精油的主要活性成分为:香叶醇(56.73%)、橙花醇(38.31%)。罗勒精油的主要活性成分为:丁香酚(83.14%),己二醇(16.15%)。山苍子精油的主要活性成分为:柠檬醛(36.01%),(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(29.71%)和柠檬烯(16.67%)。植物精油作为博物馆展存环境的空气防霉剂具有良好的应用前景。     

The Social and Economic Complexity of Ancient Jerusalem as Seen Through Choices in Lighting Oils

This paper presents and discusses the results of residue analysis conducted on 78 ceramic lamps found in archaeological excavations in ancient Jerusalem, in an attempt to identify the types of oils used and the reasons for their preferential choice. The oil lamps chosen for the study were taken from a variety of contexts, which represent the different periods during which Jerusalem was settled and the different sectors of the city. The results of the study show that even the most mundane activity of lighting using oil held within it social and economic choices, as mirrored in the different excavation areas.     

Application of boron isotopes to the understanding of fluid–rock interactions in a hydrothermally stimulated oil reservoir in the Alberta Basin, Canada

Boron isotope ratios of reservoir minerals and fluids can be a useful geothermometer and monitor of fluid–rock interactions. In Cold Lake oil sands of northern Alberta, there is a large variation in δ¹¹B of the produced waters generated during steam injection and recovery of oil and water. The higher temperature waters (～ 200 °C) have isotopically light δ¹¹B values (+ 3‰ to + 14‰) and high B contents (～150 p.p.m.). It is inferred that the range of δ¹¹B values of the hydrothermal fluids results from reaction with the reservoir rock, and is a function of the temperature of the fluid–rock interaction. The distinct B geochemistry of the produced waters can be used to show that there is no detectable mixing of the oil recovery waters with the regional formation waters or shallow groundwater aquifers containing potable water. Examination of B isotope ratios of reservoir minerals, before and after steam injection, allows the evaluation of sources of B in the reservoir. The only significant phase containing B is pumice. It shows generally positive δ¹¹B values before steam injection and negative values after steam, with δ¹¹B as low as ? 28‰. Other possibly reactive phases include clay minerals and organic matter, but their abundance is not great enough to impact on the isotopic composition of the produced waters. This information makes it possible to evaluate the boron isotope fractionation equation derived from experimental data ( Williams LB (2000) Boron isotope geochemistry during burial diagenesis. PhD Dissertation. The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Williams LB, Hervig RL, Holloway JR, Hutcheon I (2001a) Boron isotope geochemistry during diagenesis: Part 1. Experimental determination of fractionation during illitization of smectite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press). The results show that the fractionation curve predicts the difference between δ¹¹B of the pumice and hydrothermal fluids in the Cold Lake reservoir. This not only indicates that the reservoir fluids have approached boron isotope equilibrium with the reservoir rock, but also shows that B isotopes provide a useful geothermometer for hydrothermally stimulated oil reservoirs.     

A New Energy Age in Pacific Russia: Lessons from the Sakhalin Oil and Gas Projects

A noted British specialist in Russia's economic geography and the Far East region presents a comprehensive account of the development of the onshore and offshore oil and gas deposits of Sakhalin. Following a review of early multinational activity in geological surveying and exploration during the 1970s, he charts subsequent changes in the entities formed to develop and exploit the deposits (Sakhalin-I and -II) later in the Soviet period and during the first two decades of Russian independence. These changes have responded to improved knowledge of the geology of the deposits and changing relations between the Russian central government and Sakhalin regional authorities. Also analyzed are efforts by the Russian side to overturn or otherwise modify terms of previous agreements deemed unfavorable, and maneuvering by China and Japan to secure increasing sources of supply for their markets. With Sakhalin's two core projects now entering the active production phase, the author distills a number of key issues that have shaped the development of the island's offshore hydrocarbon resources and will have a bearing on prospects for a future generation of less spectacular new projects (incremental development); he also outlines wider lessons that have been learned over the life of Sakhalin's projects. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F210, L710, L950, P330, Q400. 4 figures, 2 tables, 45 references.     

China Gazes West: Xinjiang's Growing Rendezvous with Central Asia

A senior American specialist on the geography of China surveys that country's enduring interest and involvement with the former Soviet republics of Central Asia, increasingly on the basis of Xinjiang's role as a bridgehead for economic linkages. Among the key features of this growing involvement reviewed in the paper are the establishment in 2001 of a regional security alliance (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) to combat Islamist extremism as well as separatist activities; growing commercial linkages (especially with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) in tandem with improved transport links and increasing crossborder movements of merchants, traders, and tourists; and China's growing need for oil and increasing reliance on Kazakhstan as a key source for petroleum. China's growing engagement with Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries is examined within the context of both opportunities as well as challenges, the latter reflecting the increasing complexity of Han Chinese and Uyghur/Turkic relations owing to increased Uyghur ties to affiliated populations in the Central Asian states.     

Russian Revenues from Oil and Gas Exports: Flow and Taxation

A senior Japanese economist traces the flows of revenue derived from oil and gas exports through the Russian economy. The author examines the use of revenues and investigates their contribution to Russia's state and regional budgets in the form of taxes. After detailing the methodological difficulties encountered in measuring revenue streams statistically, he proceeds to approximate their magnitude through intensive use of input-output table data and budget statistics provided by the Russian Federation Ministry of Finance. His investigation of the list of destination countries for Russian oil and petroleum products exports has interesting implications for the study of capital flight from Russia to the West. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F14, H20, Q43. 10 tables, 37 references.     

Correspondence

Abstract

One root of the resurgence of interest in the place of religion in human affairs lies in the postmodernist critique of materialist explanations, combined with the heightened sense of living in a new, possibly ‘post-secular’, age distinct from classical modernity. Secular ideologies such as Marxism have lost ground since the end of the cold war saw the resurgence of ethnic and religious violence in some of the successor states to Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. The theocratic character of the Iranian revolution and the rise of the religious right in the United States also help to explain why religion is the defining characteristic of the new order which Samuel Huntington portrays as the ‘clash of civilizations’. The events following 11 September 2001 have done little to distract from the preoccupation with religious fundamentalism.     

The Palestinian Museum,Ramallah

Abstract

Whereas recent studies have correctly identified a clan-based social structure presumed in the place names of the Samaria Ostraca, an analysis of the power relations within these structures has not been sufficiently developed. Approaching the evidence from a consumption perspective of the commodities for yn y?n (‘aged wine’) and ?mn r?? (‘washed oil’) suggests that the economic significance of these items is tied to complex social interactions. Specifically, both archaeological and ethnographic studies associate such prestige commodities with elite feasting and ceremonial displays. By gifting these items, the central power engaged in a form of ‘competitive feasting’ to secure political capital for future use from clan leaders of the periphery of Samaria. Accordingly, the Samaria Ostraca hint at the use of redistributive mechanisms to secure power relations at elite gatherings.     

赤铁矿及孔雀石对桐油和大漆老化性能的影响

本文以在古代壁画中广泛使用的大漆和桐油粘合剂为分析研究对象,以赤铁矿和孔雀石为颜料,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和示差扫描量热（DSC）分析方法,研究了赤铁矿和孔雀石两种颜料对大漆和桐油老化性能的影响。研究结果表明,桐油比大漆的耐老化性能好,赤铁矿和孔雀石加快了桐油老化速度,而且赤铁矿的催化老化效果更突出。赤铁矿加快了大漆的老化,但孔雀石对大漆老化的影响不明显。     

Quantifying secondary migration efficiencies

Exploration success relies on properly risking the hydrocarbon system relevant for each prospect. Accurate risking of secondary migration efficiencies has been difficult due to lack of simple procedures that relate rock properties such as permeability and entry pressures to migration velocities, oil stringer heights and saturations. In order to achieve improved estimates of charge probabilities, equations for the secondary migration process are formulated based upon the Darcy flow and buoyancy conditions. An analytical solution of the formulated equations is shown, making it possible to construct charts for efficiently assessing the column height of secondary migration hydrocarbon stringers. The average oil (hydrocarbon) saturation of the migrating stringer can be computed, making it easy to compute the permeability related, secondary migration losses. Inputs to the chart are hydrocarbon flow‐rates and flow‐path width, hydrocarbon viscosity and density, carrier bed dip, permeability and entry pressures. Outputs are stringer heights, hydrocarbon saturation, relative permeability, migration velocities and migration losses. A procedure for including the new equations into existing basin scale fluid flow simulators is outlined and a Java applet for calculating the properties is described. The Java applet is useful for sensitivity studies, and can also be used to test results from basin simulators with the new migration efficiency equations. The analytical solution suggests that many published methods for calculating hydrocarbon migration in fluid flow simulators will over‐estimate hydrocarbon saturations and therefore losses. Calculated migration velocities will also be too low.