我国中小工业企业技术创新途径的实证研究——基于兰州中小企业的调查

本文以企业问卷和访谈相结合的方式调查了兰州中小工业企业技术改进的状况及途径。兰州几乎所有被调查企业的主要生产技术自建立以来得到了改进。当地企业的创新主要为二次创新,且二次创新主要是对次要而非核心技术的创新。技术引进是当地企业技术改进的主要途径,其中引进更先进的设备是当地最有效的技术改进途径。作者认为企业创新方式受其经济实力和相对技术差距的影响,区域应视其经济、科技发展水平等而采取不同的科技政策。     

再论“失蜡工艺不是中国青铜时代的选择”

本文从技术史的理论角度论述了“没有需求就没有发明(No need,no invention)”、“没有需求就没有发展”等技术产生发展的客观规律,指出,中国古代(青铜时代)在发达而成体系的青铜范铸技术环境里是不可能孕育发展出“熔模铸造体系”的,并以曾侯乙尊盘的铸造工艺及相关的模拟实验结果作进一步的论证;同时,对中国古代“失蜡工艺”起源于商周青铜器“焚失法”的观点提出质疑,并指出,“失蜡工艺”是在佛教传入中国之后,为铸造“西洋风格”的佛像传入我国。     

Pourquoi seules les villes sont-elles qualifiées d'intelligentes? Un vocabulaire du biais urbain

Since 2010, the term “smart city” has become a buzzword, used in a vague way to denote the increasing integration of information technology into city management processes and to describe the social and community processes they enable. The adjective “smart” is, however, only applied to cities: by implication non-cities (i.e., rural and peripheral regions) are not smart. In this paper we describe how the term “smart city” is used, and show that processes similar to those that make cities smart also occur outside cities. Reserving the term “smart” for cities therefore reflects a bias, similar to the bias that associates creativity and innovation with cities. As geographers we have become aware of our colonial and sexist biases: in this paper we argue that our urban bias is alive and well, and call attention to it.     

Measuring Religious Preferences in Nineteenth-Century Urban Areas

The author applies David Galenson's work on the life cycles of modern artists to the study of the paintings of old masters, from about the early fifteenth to the late seventeenth centuries. Both the potential use of technical examination of paintings and the role of drawings for preconceiving compositions are explored as means for interpreting artistic behavior among pre-modern artists. Using a study of illustrations in texts to establish a list of canonical painters and the relative dates in which they are believed to have contributed their most important paintings, the author then analyzes a series of old master painters' working methods, demonstrating how their creative behavior corresponds to what their respective life cycles would suggest. Thus, the study of artists' life cycles could anticipate the use of optical and other mechanical devices for the production of premodern paintings based on such studies.     

战国时期玉器制作工艺的若干探讨

战国时期是中国玉器发展史上的又一个高峰。本文在玉器制作工艺方面作一些探讨。初步总结了以下工艺特点：多种工艺综合使用,镂空工艺尤其得到广泛应用,金银器工艺与玉器工艺结合的相当完美,玉器纹饰种类繁多,逐渐以谷纹为主体。并且探讨了铁质工具应用于玉器制造的可能性。对于缺乏治玉工具的发现的原因也有所探讨。     

THE GREEN ECONOMY,SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITIONS AND TRANSITION REGIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BOSTON

This article is focused upon exploring the development of the green economy in particular locations, with the aim of identifying why some cities and regions have been successful in engendering green growth. To date we have little idea where the green economy is developing, nor much insight, beyond anecdotal evidence, into why certain cities and regions appear to be more successful than others in this regard. We position our analysis within the context of research on socio‐technical transitions that has theorized the potential shift to a more sustainable economy. We review the literature on sustainability transitions and the development of the multi‐level perspective encompassing niches, regimes and landscapes. However, most research into socio‐technical transitions has not given adequate consideration to the influence of places and spatial scale in these transition processes, and we therefore critique the socio‐technical transitions literature from a geographical perspective. In this article we are interested in four key questions. What role does the enabling and facilitative state play in these cities and regions? What new institutional forms and governance structures are being developed? How do actors in particular cities and regions construct their green vision, and how do they encourage other actors to buy‐in to this vision? How are links across levels and spatial scales developed to connect niches with the regime? We address these through a focus upon the Boston city‐region in the USA, drawing upon both primary and secondary research material. We utilize this case study example to re‐examine and re‐theorize work on sustainability transitions from a spatial perspective.     

从毛公鼎的真伪鉴别展望中国古器物学的研究(下)

4．透视技术了断了毛公鼎的真伪公案4．1真真假假毛公鼎台北故宫博物院收藏了一件腹内铸有五百字铭文的毛公鼎,系迄今为止所发现的铜器中铭文最长的一件（图15）。这件铜器相传在清朝道光末年出土于陕西歧山,当时如何出土,并没有确实的记录,出土之后流传的经过也暖味不明;目前所知最早的流传记录,是1852年收藏家陈介棋以高价向古董商苏亿年购得毛公鼎。清季乾、嘉之后,盛行金石考据之学,有铭文的古铜器十分珍贵,毛公鼎的五百字铭文堪称皇皇钜构,行家不莫不视为至宝。但在旧社会中,因怀宝而招祸之事,时有所闻,因此陈氏获得毛公…     

华侨华人创业的模式及其影响因素分析——基于上海市的调查

本文以上海为实例,依据创业模式的相关理论,分析了华侨华人在大陆投资创业的主要模式划分、基本特点以及创业模式选择的影响因素。结果表明,华侨华人成功创业与其选择正确的创业模式密切相关,创业模式的选择与行业的关联程度较高,同时,创业模式的选择也与创业者对物质资本、技术资本及人力资本的拥有量密切相关。     

再论"失蜡工艺不是中国青铜时代的选择"

本文从技术史的理论角度论述了"没有需求就没有发明(No need,no invention)"、"没有需求就没有发展"等技术产生发展的客观规律,指出,中国古代(青铜时代)在发达而成体系的青铜范铸技术环境里是不可能孕育发展出"熔模铸造体系"的,并以曾侯乙尊盘的铸造工艺及相关的模拟实验结果作进一步的论证;同时,对中国古代"失蜡工艺"起源于商周青铜器"焚失法"的观点提出质疑,并指出,"失蜡工艺"是在佛教传入中国之后,为铸造"西洋风格"的佛像传入我国.