流散于葡萄牙的中国明清瓷器

本文论述了中国明清两代输往葡萄牙外销瓷的史实。作者在论证中结合了西方有关的档案文献及目前存世的考古发掘与官私收藏的外销瓷实物,并重点介绍了早期存在于葡萄牙的外销瓷和纹章瓷。文章指出广彩在中外贸易和文化交流中不可估量的贡献,而澳门是整个贸易过程的最重要的环节。最后总结出外销瓷具有极高的历史和科研价值,如今存世不多的葡萄牙人在华定制的“纹章瓷”是中葡关系的历史见证。     

赤铁矿及孔雀石对桐油和大漆老化性能的影响

本文以在古代壁画中广泛使用的大漆和桐油粘合剂为分析研究对象,以赤铁矿和孔雀石为颜料,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和示差扫描量热（DSC）分析方法,研究了赤铁矿和孔雀石两种颜料对大漆和桐油老化性能的影响。研究结果表明,桐油比大漆的耐老化性能好,赤铁矿和孔雀石加快了桐油老化速度,而且赤铁矿的催化老化效果更突出。赤铁矿加快了大漆的老化,但孔雀石对大漆老化的影响不明显。     

近代浔商迅速崛起的原因探析

近代浔商的迅速崛起,有其深远的历史原因和特殊的社会背景.浔商产生于著名的湖丝主产地,他们利用近代上海开埠的商业契机,以经营湖丝出口外销致富后,及时调整投资方向,经营多种行业以规避商业风险.他们注重打造产品品牌,做好产品宣传,获得良好的经济效益,从而形成一个实力雄厚的区域经济集团.     

Quantifying secondary migration efficiencies

Exploration success relies on properly risking the hydrocarbon system relevant for each prospect. Accurate risking of secondary migration efficiencies has been difficult due to lack of simple procedures that relate rock properties such as permeability and entry pressures to migration velocities, oil stringer heights and saturations. In order to achieve improved estimates of charge probabilities, equations for the secondary migration process are formulated based upon the Darcy flow and buoyancy conditions. An analytical solution of the formulated equations is shown, making it possible to construct charts for efficiently assessing the column height of secondary migration hydrocarbon stringers. The average oil (hydrocarbon) saturation of the migrating stringer can be computed, making it easy to compute the permeability related, secondary migration losses. Inputs to the chart are hydrocarbon flow‐rates and flow‐path width, hydrocarbon viscosity and density, carrier bed dip, permeability and entry pressures. Outputs are stringer heights, hydrocarbon saturation, relative permeability, migration velocities and migration losses. A procedure for including the new equations into existing basin scale fluid flow simulators is outlined and a Java applet for calculating the properties is described. The Java applet is useful for sensitivity studies, and can also be used to test results from basin simulators with the new migration efficiency equations. The analytical solution suggests that many published methods for calculating hydrocarbon migration in fluid flow simulators will over‐estimate hydrocarbon saturations and therefore losses. Calculated migration velocities will also be too low.     

Petroleum type determination through homogenization temperature and vapour volume fraction measurements in fluid inclusions

Physical parameters of petroleum‐bearing fluid inclusions such as bulk density (ρ), molar volume (V_m), vapour volume fraction (?_vap) and homogenization temperature (T_h) are essential information to model petroleum composition (x) in inclusions and to reconstruct palaeotemperature and palaeopressure of trapping. For the main petroleum types contained in a fluid inclusion, we can follow how ?_vap and T_h are simultaneously influenced by a change of bulk density in a ?_vap versus T_h projection. We have correlated T_h and ?_vap for different petroleum compositions for a large range of bulk density values. However, postentrapment events under new pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions can greatly modify the initial fingerprints of physical conditions and chemical composition of fluid inclusions. Re‐equilibration is frequent, especially in the case of fragile minerals. Stretching and leakage phenomenon have been simulated using the Petroleum Inclusion Thermodynamics (pit ) software, from virtual petroleum inclusions with known hydrocarbon composition. The aim of these simulations is to understand how ?_vap and T_h evolve with these re‐equilibration phenomena, with respect to the oil composition. Results of stretching simulations show a characteristic increase of T_h and ?_vap along correlation curves, with the curve shape dependent on petroleum composition. Leakage simulations show an increase of T_h and a smaller increase or even a decrease in ?_vap. Consequently, the better preserved inclusions in a given population can be presumed to be those that have the lowest T_h. Applications of T_h and ?_vap measurements of natural inclusions in calcite and in quartz showed that the fragility of the host mineral is a key factor allowing the recording of post‐entrapment events. Inclusions that have stretched or leaked are identified and the best preserved inclusions selected for evaluation of P–T–x trapping conditions. Moreover, petroleum types trapped in inclusions can be identified from ?_vap and T_h measurements without compositional modelling.     

Russia’s energy relations with China: passing the strategic threshold?

This article examines Russian energy policies toward China over the past decade as reluctant engagement changed into a priority energy partnership. From 2008 to 2016 Russian and Chinese companies signed several major oil and gas agreements, a period in which Moscow reassessed China as a future energy consumer and lifted bilateral cooperation to a new level. The article utilizes the strategic partnership concept as an analytical framework and finds traditional realist concepts and hedging inadequate for this particular case. The study illuminates Russian geopolitical considerations and acceptance of vulnerability, which combined make long-term Russian energy policies more China dependent. Officially, Russia seeks diversification among Asian energy buyers, but its focus has increasingly been on China. Western sanctions imposed in 2014 for Russia’s role in Ukraine accelerated this trend. Moscow’s energy policies toward Beijing with its pipelines and long-term agreements are permanent arrangements that resemble strategic partnership policies. China is eager to increase energy relations with Russian companies, but Beijing also ensures that it does not become too dependent on one supplier. Russian concern over its increased dependence on China in the East is deemed secondary to expanding Russia’s customer base beyond the still-dominant European market.     

安徽博物院所藏7幅潘玉良油画矿物色料的组成分析

油画具有色料种类繁多、同一色系的颜料多样及对环境比较敏感等特性,加上颜料自身的风化作用,仅凭肉眼难以分辨。在修复性保护工作之前,对需要补色、补底处原色料的鉴定是一项基础性的工作,以便为修复时色料的选择提供依据。为此,本研究运用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)等方法对7幅安徽博物院收藏的待修复的潘玉良油画矿物色料进行了物相及成分分析,讨论了补色修复时色料选择应注意的问题,以避免因色料粉之间不兼容(起化学反应)而对画作造成的二次伤害。     

Antifungal activity of some plant extracts and essential oils against fungi-infested organic archaeological artefacts

The determination of the antifungal activities of nine kinds of powdered plant extracts and five essential oils was studied in vitro against four of the most common fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor, Penicillium sp. and P. purpurogenum), which were isolated from different organic materials from archaeological artefacts such as papyrus and linen. The essential oils showed greater efficacy than the powdered plant extracts, where thyme and lemongrass oils were the most potent. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of these oils were determined. Furthermore, their chemical components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In vivo, studies were performed using biodeteriorated samples for applying treatment, in which the microbiological test revealed that both oils can eradicate both tested fungi completely after exposure time, ranging from two weeks for papyrus samples to 14 weeks for linen. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and colorimeter were used to assess the treatment process, leading to the final results, which suggest that the essential oils could be useful sources of fungicidal preparations for the disinfection of biodeteriorated linen and papyrus artefacts. Nevertheless, further studies are strongly recommended to introduce these sources into practical use in preventive conservation.     

Application of lipid biomarker analysis to evaluate the function of ‘slab-lined pits’ in Arctic Norway

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and bulk carbon isotope determinations have been performed on samples (‘cemented organic residues’, charcoal, sediment and fire-cracked rock) excavated from 12 slab-lined pits from various locations in Arctic Norway to test the premise that these archaeological features were used for the extraction of oil from the blubber of marine mammals, such as seal, whale and walrus. A wide range of lipid compound classes were detected especially in the cemented organic residues and in the charcoal samples. The presence of long-chain unsaturated and isoprenoid fatty acids together with oxidation and thermal alteration products of unsaturated acids such as dicarboxylic acids, dihydroxyfatty acids and ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids suggests that these features were used for marine oil extraction at elevated temperatures. Notably the location of the hydroxyl groups in the dihydroxyfatty acids provides a record of the positional isomer of the precursor fatty acid and allows confirmation that 11-docosenoic (cetoleic) acid, the most abundant C_22:1 isomer in marine oil, was a major component of the original lipid. Further information was provided by the presence of long-chain fatty acyl moieties in surviving triacylglycerols and the presence of cholesterol. A fungal metabolite, mycose (trehalose), was found in all samples apart from a fire-cracked rock and points to microbiological activity in the pits. Bulk isotope analysis conducted on the ‘cemented organic residues’ is consistent with modern reference samples of blubber and oil from seal and whale. These data provide clear analytical evidence of the function of slab-lined pits in the archaeological record and suggest widespread exploitation of marine mammals for producing oil for heating, lighting and myriad other uses in the past.     

国际油价波动对日本经济均衡的影响

2005年以来,国际原油价格剧烈震荡,除实体经济层面的供求因素外,能源作为金融商品的虚拟经济属性被放大,预期、投机、突发事件、汇率波动因素等都可能成为引燃油价波动的导火索。新的油价变动特点,使日本更加难以保持经济的内外均衡。从内部看,企业、行业间的收入分配效应分散了油价上涨的通货膨胀效果,具有技术垄断优势、善于利用金融工具避险及有效采取能源分散化和节能措施的企业与行业受油价波动的冲击更小。从外部看,进口成本增加和出口成本转嫁不完全引起了日本贸易条件恶化;石油美元通过贸易渠道和资本渠道的回流,对日本的国际收支产生一定影响;日元升值因素一定程度上缓和了高油价的冲击。日本政府、企业、居民的不懈努力创造了日本经济超低能耗的奇迹,这个奇迹将日本抵御油价波动的能力变成现实。．