尊严与道德:从康德的“目的王国”看人的尊严

在康德的"目的王国"里,尊严是最高价值的存在。人的尊严既是一种合目的性的存在,同时也是一种道德的存在。道德是人的尊严存在的价值依据,这种价值依据主要体现在四个方面:一、尊严以独立性为前提;二、尊严以责任为载体;三、尊严通过权利体现出来;四、尊严导向的是道德与幸福的统一。而尊严最终只有在道德王国与自然王国的统一中才能实现。     

Body as weapon: the archaeology of a war victim’s narrative

ABSTRACT

The soldier's body is the most important subject of violence and destruction in war. Humans live primarily through their body in the material world, and when the body is destroyed, their whole existence is affected, both physically and non-physically. Therefore, the first locus on which we can observe the effects of war and violence is the human body, mainly soldiers. In modern wars, the soldier’s body is combined with weapons and machines of war, but is also the first target of killing whether in attack or defence. On the one hand it is targeted and killed, but on the other hand the body itself targets and kills. In warfare, bodies are trained to be the mechanism of killing and they are employed on battlefields according to the political objectives of their sovereign power. Thus, the soldier’s body becomes a weapon separated from the individual human body by the political authority.     

以心为本:天性与良知的对话

稻盛和夫的经营哲学主要是由“敬天爱人”与“以心为本”、“利他经营”构架而成。关于“敬天爱人”在另文已有论述,本文拟就“以心为本”与“利他经营”做一阐析。“以心为本”、“利他经营”是稻盛经营哲学的重要组成部分,也是稻盛和夫在40余年的经营实践中始终不渝地加以贯彻、实行的基本原则。如果把稻盛的经营哲学比作飞行器的话,那么“敬天爱人”就相当于它的导航系统,而“以心为本”、“利他经营”则是它的推进器。在稻盛的整个经营活动当中,“敬天爱人”总是能出人意料地发现常人难以发现的目标,而“以心为本”、“利他经营”又总是能令人称奇地将其送至别人无法接近的目标。其结果使稻盛的经营创造出一个又一个的奇迹,跃上一个又一个的台阶,直至步入世界的殿堂。     

论历史学的客观性原则

历史研究的客观性根据是现实批判的理性要求。它完全有别于古代史家所说的“直书”和“实录”。直书之所以不是客观性,就在于它本质上是一种等级性。与此相反,客观性的本质则在于其平等性。历史学之所以可能保持一种客观性原则,就在于它追求一种理想的境界。这一理想境界就是人性、自由与真理。历史学中的种种偏见可以借助人性、自由和真理来克服,同时,人性、自由和真理本身的偏见又可以被历史本身所克服。     

The objective–subjective dichotomy and its use in describing probability

ABSTRACT

This article reviews the nature of the objective–subjective dichotomy, first from a general historical point of view, and then with regard to the use of these terms over time to describe theories of probability. The different (metaphysical and epistemological) meanings of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ are analysed, and then used to show that all probability theories can be divided into three broad classes. A formal definition of (epistemological) objectivity is given and used to clarify this division.