Inventing traditions: interests,parables and nostalgia in the history of nuclear energy

Abstract

From the late 1960s on, light-water designs dominated the market for nuclear reactors in most Western countries. Up to that point in time, many national governments, scientists and industrialists had favoured the rival concepts of heavy-water and graphite-moderated plants. The article focuses on Sweden and West Germany, where central actors only reluctantly gave up their support for domestically developed heavy-water solutions. Studying new archival material and adopting Hobsbawm and Ranger’s concept of the ‘invention of tradition’, the authors analyze how contemporary actors mobilized both the nation and the past when arguing for plants using natural uranium and heavy water. The paper documents how autarkic arguments were superseded by nostalgic sentiments, and how-subsequently-historians have come to perpetuate apologetic parables like ‘Swedish line’ and ‘tradition’, respectively.     

青海省情与青海发展

党的十七大提出全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标,标志着中国社会进入科学发展的新阶段。在科学发展观指导下,如何坚持解放思想、实事求是,着力破除新式教条主义(不顾国情和省情的超高速发展)的束缚,准确认识和把握基本省情,进行科学的发展战略定位,是确立适宜本地区发展战略和发展目标的关键所在。     

Point Predictions and the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory: A Data Mining Approach—U.S. Nuclear Policy as Proof of Concept

In Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET), information processing under the constraints of limited attention and bounded rationality leads to stick‐slip dynamics in policy outcomes. Empirical work in this field often focuses on the macro level. Using the case of nuclear energy policy in the United States as proof of concept, we demonstrate how decisive budget changes in a specific policy subsystem can be linked to attention of Congress and the president. We utilize a mixed‐methods data‐mining approach: Maximum likelihood estimation is used to analyze the distribution of the nuclear energy RD&D budget. Then attention data of both Congress and the president are structured by means of cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Finally, these data are used in a generalized linear model to predict specific budget shifts. The article is designed as a proof of concept: In the case of nuclear energy policy, we are able to predict budget shifts without violating the assumptions of PET. More importantly: we can demonstrate that attention is not only affecting the final policy outcome but also the corridor of the possible.     

美国内战时期联邦海军反干涉战略探析

联邦海军在美国内战中担负着打击叛乱势力和防范外来干涉的双重任务。尤其是在内战初期陆上战局不利、存在明显外来干涉危险的形势下,联邦海军有效地发挥了其国防屏障作用和战略威慑功能,在遏制英国干涉图谋的过程中发挥了重要作用。及时把握住技术变革所带来的历史机遇,以技术创新弥补整体实力的差距,是联邦海军反干涉战略得以成功的前提,战略的内核则体现为立足本国国情、实施积极防御和有限威慑的务实路线。     

思想政治课教学心理误区分析与跨越走向设计

思想政治课教学的心理问题,应引起人们的高度重视;教学心理误区值得人们深刻反思。政治教师要有意识的应用教育学、心理学的原理于教学活动之中,努力创造良好的心理氛围,跨越心理误区,使思想政治课教学实现新的飞跃。     

朗道团队与苏联核计划

苏联核计划档案材料解密之后,朗道团队参与苏联核计划的秘密也随之浮出水面。朗道这位物理学界泰斗带领自己的团队解决了多项科研难题,在苏联核计划实施的各个阶段发挥着不可替代的作用。利用朗道创建的公式,苏联成功分离了氘和铀-235,为核武器研发提供了裂变材料,其后朗道公式在苏联核武器研制中得到广泛使用。朗道团队创建和发展了核反应堆理论,推动了苏联工业核反应堆的建立。朗道团队完成了冲击波和爆炸波研究,提出通过爆炸压缩核装药达到超临界状态的想法和原子弹内爆原理。在朗道的领导下,其团队完成了原子弹爆炸有效因数和释能的计算工作,并在氢弹的研发工作中做出了杰出贡献。     

钚-239的生产与苏联核计划

苏联核计划中使用的核裂变材料主要有钚-239和铀-235,其中钚-239的生产率先取得成功,1949年8月29日苏联试爆的第一颗原子弹РДС-1所使用的核裂变材料便是钚-239。1949年之前,钚-239的生产具有试验性特征,1949年之后,钚-239进入了工业规模化的生产阶段。在钚-239的工业生产阶段,反应堆技术、放射化学技术和化学冶金技术都不断完善,实现了产能提高、成本下降、安全生产等目标,形成了完善的钚工业综合体,不仅为俄罗斯联邦留下了丰厚的钚产品,还为其钚-239的生产奠定了坚实基础。     

The basic structure of Chiang Kai-shek's diplomatic strategy

As a leader of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek carried on Sun Yat-sen's legacy of using diplomacy as a force in the modern era and planned to rely on diplomacy to revise China's unequal treaties with foreign powers. Chiang elaborated on Sun's ideas and maintained that diplomacy as a war without battles worked more effectively than wars with battles. Faced with the threat of Japanese invasion, he upheld the strategy of using one foreign country to control another. He expected the outbreak of a war between Japan and the Soviet Union or between Japan and the United States so that a war between Japan and China could be avoided. Chiang engaged in active diplomacy aimed at turning these expectations into reality. His diplomatic strategy had an impact during the Anti-Japanese War.     

新时期大都市公共交通发展策略研究——香港公交发展启示

优先发展公共交通是破解我国城市交通困境的唯一方法,是建立"两型"社会的科学要求,是城市可持续发展的必由之路。从香港公共交通系统发展历程、规划设计和运营管理等视角,归纳总结了其成功经验和发展趋势,即从中心区走向市域、从道路走向轨道、从线网拓展走向服务提升、从行政干预走向法制保障、从环境污染走向环境友好。并针对我国城市公交发展现状,从社会人文、城市规划、科技体制等方面提出了:以人为本、公交城市、持续发展、系统协调、科技引领、体制建设的发展策略,以期为我国城市交通的新一轮跨越式发展提供参考依据。     

沟域经济背景下的山区空间发展战略研究

分析了沟域经济的内涵及其对山区发展战略的影响,提出了"廊道+沟域+节点"的山区空间发展战略模式。以门头沟区为例,其沟域经济发展模式可归纳为"走廊带沟域促节点",这符合提出的山区空间发展战略模式。交通线是沟域经济发展的主要廊道,在空间上打破了传统行政上的界限;沟域是沟域经济发展的主阵地,是山区发展的最佳区域;村庄是山区发展的主要节点,通过集聚式发展,符合山区发展空间优化的原则。