微观个体行为时空数据的生产过程与质量管理——以北京居民活动日志调查为例

微观个体行为的时空数据逐渐成为人文地理学微观过程研究和非汇总方法应用的重要定量依据,而如何高效而准确地生产和管理较大样本的行为数据则是当前制约城市活动-移动系统分析与规划的重要瓶颈。本文以2007年在北京市进行的两天活动日志调查作为案例分析,在国内首次从理论和方法论上探讨微观个体行为时空数据的生产过程和数据质量管理。其中,侧重于理论与经验,从调查内容、调查方式、日志设计、样本抽样和数据库设计等五个方面探讨微观个体行为时空数据的生产过程;并侧重于方法论,探讨如何定量地评估数据的可靠性、有效性和完整性等质量管理标准。最后提出,高质量个体行为数据的获得需要更多的数据生产和管理经验的研究与分享,以及更多数据源的合作共享与比较分析。     

基于居民出行大数据的我国都市圈识别及其分布格局

都市圈是大城市发展到一定阶段的产物,当前都市圈空间范围界定还存在争议,本文梳理了都市圈的概念和内涵,采用手机信令出行数据识别了全国都市圈的空间分布格局。分析发现,我国大部分都市圈仍处于发育阶段,当出行率阈值为 1% 时全国识别出 27个都市圈。都市圈的分布格局与经济发展水平密切相关,经济发达地区的都市圈数量多、分布密集,如东部沿海和城市群地区。中心城市的人口和经济规模,以及圈域出行距离影响了都市圈的空间范围和圈内联系程度,圈域出行规模与中心城市人口规模呈正相关,外围城市向中心城市的出行率与中心城市经济首位度呈正相关,且符合距离衰减规律。     

Addressing data comparability in the creation of combined data sets of bioapatite carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions

Before amalgamating published isotope data, comparability should be demonstrated. This paper compares carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of 30 enamel samples measured by two laboratories. The aims were to see what, if any, isotopic variation was observed, to determine the causes as needed and to correct if possible. Bioapatite was acidified at 90°C in 2006 and at 26°C in 2017, while δ values were corrected via one‐point normalization in 2006 and by two‐point normalization in 2017. One case (of the 30) produced different δ values between the analysis dates, suggesting contamination. Repeated carbon isotope ratio measurements were not meaningfully different. Repeated oxygen isotope ratio measurements were significantly different, even following correction for acid‐carbonate fractionation at different temperatures and the renormalization of 2017 δ values using one point; however, differences were not meaningful for interpretations. Results were used to calculate real interpretative differences (RIDs) for comparing enamel bioapatite as 0.6‰ for δ¹³C values and as 1.6‰ for δ¹⁸O values.     

THE EMPIRE OF THE FUTURE

This rich collection analyzes science in the archives over the past several thousand years. The chapters work together to tell stories of ambitious attempts to provide timeless data for science, which will be used for generations to come—ranging from ancient astronomy to geology to life‐logging and the development of web search. They also demonstrate convincingly that archives are powerful forces across the sciences—every science discussed has an archival base—which partly determine what kind of general knowledge claims can be made by future generations: it is hard to read an archive askance. The collection works best as a series of individual chapters, though some work is done to indicate where they speak to one another. It is a pity that there was not more input from archivists themselves in the project: their noninclusion means that some archival issues (especially what goes on with data after it gets into the archive—how it gets cleaned up, changed, reorganized) are treated somewhat lightly. The collection does provide a very useful set of tools for thinking about scientific archives. It is also an excellent introduction to the peculiarities of scientific archives—one that reflects back on the use of archives in history in general.     

《宋史·礼志》史料价值初探

《宋史·礼志》的史料价值主要体现在四个方面:一是记载较为系统与丰富,包括总体和局部两种情况;二是保存了部分珍贵史料,如诏令奏议、礼论等;三是订正他书讹误与不足,有时间误、人名误、职官误、地点误等;四是后世官私著述之史源。     

《碛砂藏》宋人题记的史料价值初探

《碛砂藏》的题记是宋人捐款雕刻经版流传下来的,虽然雕刻佛经的时间不一,但这些题记所涉及的主题有很多却是相通的,都是宋人为求得佛教神灵的庇佑而撰写的文字。这些题记无疑是捐款者真实情感的流露,一定程度上反映了他们当时的社会生活状况,尤其表现了他们生存的精神状态。这些题记表现的内涵大概不止为平江府一地所独有,对东南地区来说,恐怕均具有典型的意义。分析这些题记所留下的个案,有助于解读南宋时期以平江府为代表的东南地区的历史。《碛砂藏》题记是宋代民间流传下来的重要文献,具有宝贵的史料价值。     

早期白瓷使用情况分析

白瓷在发展的初期,经过了一个“早期白瓷”的发展阶段,早期白瓷涉及的时代的范围主要是北朝、隋、唐、五代时期.本文主要讨论的时间范围在隋唐五代时期.对于瓷器使用的研究,不仅可以从文献记载、古代交通上来展开,而且在瓷器自身的款识上亦可窥豹之一斑.从出土白瓷的考古遗址资料和款识的内容可以看到唐代白瓷器已在社会各阶层广泛流行.     

Psychological components of middle paleolithic technology: The proceduralization of lithic core reduction

Exploring the evolution of human cognition has been as methodologically problematic as it has been a vital area of study over the last couple of decades. In particular, the integration of archaeology and psychology, while fundamental to many such studies, has suffered from a difficulty by many researchers to effectively link models from the cognitive sciences with the archaeological data ( [Wynn, 2009] and [Wynn and Coolidge, 2010] ). In the current study one psychological process, proceduralization is used to examine the technological strategies that underpin the sequential nature of lithic core reduction. This is done via the application of sequential lithic information analysis (SLIA), a method developed by the author for the concurrent study of qualitative and quantitative sequential information. In the present context SLIA helps elucidate both the micro- and macro-level dynamics that underlie the reduction of a sample of Middle Paleolithic refitted Levallois cores from the site of Taramsa-1, Upper Egypt. The results of this study provide an explanation for the variability recognised within the Levallois technology and also speak to the existence of certain aspects of modern cognition by ca. 70,000 years before present.     

Introduction and utilization of X-CT systems for cultural properties in Japan

在日本,对文物的科学研究原则上是在不破坏样品的情况下使用光学方法进行的。为此,以国立博物馆为首引入了许多X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)系统。本文介绍了日本引进CT系统的历史及其使用范例。