Southwest Scottish Crannogs: using in situ studies to assess preservation in wetland archaeological contexts

This paper presents the results of in situ monitoring of waterlogged burial contexts in southwest Scotland. The sites investigated are Iron Age crannogs (lake dwellings) which have a proven waterlogged archaeological component, and which are being assessed as part of a national program of study by the Scottish Wetland Archaeology Programme (SWAP) team. A monthly monitoring program commenced in July of 2004. To date, monitoring of water levels, pH, and redox potential, has been undertaken for a period of 17 months in order to encompass any seasonal variability at the sites studied. The results have proven robust in that an ‘ideal’ site for in situ preservation has been identified from the five sites investigated, and the monitoring has highlighted external variables and seasonal impacts that have the potential to influence the long-term in situ preservation at the remaining sites studied. In general, these results have expanded upon our knowledge of the potential for the preservation of existing archaeological remains within such contexts. This study represents the first stage of monitoring aimed at developing a holistic understanding of in situ conditions at the crannog sites studied in southwest Scotland.     

历史时期的"黄河清"现象初探

古人对黄河清有“祥瑞之兆”和“不祥之征”两种观点。黄河澄清是一种自然现象,却又不可能出现在正常条件下,它有其内在的规律。只有当流域内大范围出现异常情况,如持续干旱少雨、冬季过于寒冷、地震等时,才会导致黄河河水变异,出现黄河澄清的现象。黄河清是干旱和黄河断流的前兆。同时,黄河清还与社会政治、化和生活交织在一起,成为奇异的化与社会现象。     

宁绍地区史前文化遗址地理环境特征及相关问题探索

本从宁绍地区各个遗址不同时期遗存的海拔数据对比入手,试图找出距今7000至4000年间遗址环境变迁的规律,并从化生态学角度去分析、解释、推断诸如河姆渡化“缺环”说、宁绍地区7000年前古化地理环境、宁绍地区史前化遗址环境与聚落形态特征的关系等问题。     

商末黄河中游气候环境的变化与社会变迁

新石器时代到商代黄河流域的气候属于温暖湿润期;商代后期气候出现厂干旱化,导致了古公亶父迁岐,文王迁程迁丰,帝乙帝辛时不断向南方发展;而商末的旱灾和饥荒是周武王克商的直接导火索,导致商周之际的改朝换代。商末气候环境的变迁对其时社会政治的影响极大。     

一部多学科合作的考古著作--读《龙虬庄》

随着考古信息量的增加与研究的深入,对考古报告的编排形式提出了新的要求。《龙虬庄》确立了江淮东部新石器时代化——龙虬庄化,编排形式上体现出化遗物和自然遗物并重的特点。报告对江淮东部古环境、遗址反映的经济形态、人地关系等进行了合理构建和研究。从其所揭示的大量信息来看,《龙虬庄》是一部多学科合作的新体例的考古学作。     

3. FROM ENVIRONMENTAL CASE STUDY TO ENVIRONMENTAL KIN STUDY

This article explores the relationships among place, knowing, and being in environmental histories. Grounding ourselves in the work of Indigenous scholars from North America and the Pacific, we propose a method of listening and attuning that can attend to the dislocation and abstraction often found in work addressing ecocide and environmental violence. Against the ubiquity of the case-study approach, we propose a method we call “kin study,” which invites more embedded, expansive, material, and respectful relations to people and lands. This article frames the issues and then proposes, though a dialogue, how kin studies may be constituted and applied in studying environmental histories of the Pacific and Western Canada.     

A HISTORIC NEIGHBOURHOOD AS ARTS SPACE: THE LITTLE INDIA EXPERIENCE

Many cities around the world are redeveloping their neighbourhoods as arts and cultural precincts. Urban industrial zones and lower‐income residential areas have taken on new life as arts neighbourhoods in a bid to attract high‐yield visitors, propel their creative industry and brand themselves as attractive to investors and residents. This article has two aims. Conceptually it explores the notion of arts urbanization – the creation of arts spaces in cities and the socio‐spatial dynamics which they embody. Empirically, the concept is tested using the case of Singapore's Arts Housing Scheme. Under this scheme, historic ethnic precincts take on new roles as arts and creative belts. While the scheme has yielded some success by way of fostering spaces of identity and inspiration for artists, it has also generated social concerns and spatial challenges. Singapore's Little India offers an empirical setting to explore this concept. The paper argues that geography matters to the arts and that arts‐led urbanization creates distinct spatial configurations in cities. For this reason, a greater understanding of and research into arts neighbourhoods and their socio‐spatial dynamics are essential if we are to aspire to sustainable and sensitive development of cities and their creative communities.     

The impact of Russian food security policy on the performance of the food system

Abstract

Food security has guided Russia’s food policy since 2010. The article examines the impact of food security policy on the food system. The Russian model of food security combines government intervention in the form of assistance for domestic production while simultaneously restricting market access. Food security does not appear to have a deleterious impact on the food system. We measure impact on four dimensions. Financial support for agriculture continues to increase in nominal rubles. In food production, the beef and dairy branches continue to lag, but increased grain production has made Russia a global leader in grain exports. Average per capita food consumption improved, although the poor consume much less, and the decline of the ruble affects the way Russians shop. The largest impact of food security has been on food trade. Food security policy has brought food to the forefront as an instrument of foreign policy. Food trade is politicized, witnessed by the food embargo against the West and food import bans against Turkey and Ukraine.     

基于离散程度的博物馆馆藏环境温湿度中长期评估方法

温湿度是评估博物馆馆藏环境的重要指标。在越来越多的博物馆对温湿度进行监测记录的情况下,需要基于"稳定适宜"的准则,探索一种科学的评估方法,为馆藏环境温湿度的调控治理提供依据。该方法以中长期的博物馆监控数据为基础,通过计算温湿度监控数据的离散度和离散系数,并结合箱线图分析数据的分布情况,对其"稳定适宜"程度进行综合量化评估。结合四川博物院2014年的温湿度监控数据的实例,验证了该方法的有效性。研究结果表明,采用基于离散程度的中长期温湿度数据评估方法,能够为下一步的馆藏环境调控治理提供依据,有助于针对性的改善博物馆文物保存环境。