Reframing the “Irish Question”: the role of the Irish co-operative movement in the formation of Irish nationalism, 1900–22

This article examines the role of the Irish co-operative movement in the early twentieth century and argues that it played a crucial role in shaping a popular understanding of the “Irish Question”. This mass-membership movement impacted upon the development of the Irish state and population. By taking this rural, social movement as a lens to analyse Irish society in the early twentieth century, social and economic issues re-emerge as central components to a contemporary understanding of Ireland's increasingly contested position within the Union. As the expectation of some kind of political resolution to demands for political independence grew during the First World War, radical nationalism absorbed a social and economic discourse that originated within the co-operative movement in its critique of the British state as it operated in Ireland. Irish co-operation represented a sophisticated form of political economy that provided an influential ideological platform for Irish nationalists as they anticipated some form of political independence.     

The politics of donating technological artifacts: techno-nationalism and the donations of the world’s first jet engines

The Smithsonian Institution’s aviation collection includes two early jet engines, both of which were given to the museum by foreign donors. The first, a prototype of Britain’s first jet engine, which flew during World War II, was donated by the British state in 1949. The second, a replica of Germany’s first jet engine, which flew in late August 1939, was donated by Germany’s leading museum, the Deutsches Museum, in 1980. The two are today presented as equivalent artifacts, yet the paths followed by the two objects to the American museum were anything but equivalent. Recovering the political and historical contexts that informed each of these two donations shows how what was apparently the same action fulfilled two very different agendas. Unlike the British donation, which was calculated to support Britain’s (at that time solitary) claim to having invented the jet engine, the German donation supported a narrative of dual invention, which had become the internationally agreed standard story between 1949 and 1980. This dual-inventor narrative allowed the German museum to forward a more subtle goal than promoting a national inventor; that of depoliticizing and normalizing Germany’s aerospace tradition internationally despite the fact that German aviation had been a locus for German nationalism and National Socialist largess. Reflecting on these two donations raises questions about how technology – particular historical claims about technology made in museums – have contributed to the construction of national identities.     

河南平顶山应国玉器的分析测试研究

本文对13件河南平顶山应国墓地出土的玉器残片进行了测试分析,结果表明:透闪石玉是应国玉器的主要玉种,不同材质的玉器均受到一定程度的风化,其中,蛇纹石玉器普遍受沁严重,较透闪石玉器受沁为深,且受沁严重的透闪石玉器与蛇纹石玉器在外观上有很大的相似性;所有玉器表面均附着朱砂,可能当时人们已经认识到朱砂的防虫防腐功能.     

淀粉酶在书画揭裱技术中应用的可行性研究

在揭去书画褙纸的过程中,通过使用高纯度、低浓度的α——淀粉酶来降低用水量,可以得到更加理想的结果。     

泗水国出土泡桐材性研究

木质文物出土后环境发生了很大的变化,如不对其进行科学的保护处理就会发生快速的腐朽变化。在选择保护处理方法前对木材的材性进行科学的分析可以为保护方法的确定提供科学的依据。本工作从木材成分、含水率、干缩性、出土泡桐与新鲜泡桐干缩率比较、干燥过程中的电镜分析几个方面对泗水国汉墓出土的泡桐进行了材性研究。结果表明,泗阳汉墓出土的泡桐纤维素和半纤维素的含量比新鲜泡桐的含量下降很多,但木质素的相对含量却增加了,说明泗阳汉墓出土的泡桐在埋藏环境中可能更多地是受到褐腐菌的侵蚀。含水率的高低是反映木材腐蚀度一个重要指标,泗阳汉墓出土的泡桐平均含水率高达1211%,从弦向、径向、横切面的平均收缩率数值来看,出土的泗水国泡桐文物收缩变形很严重,从电子显微镜图片观察,细胞结构各向干缩特性与新鲜木材完全不同。由此可见,不能用常规木材的干缩特征和木材的变化规律来指导泗水国出土泡桐的研究和保护工作,在选择保护处理方法时要结合木材本身的现状选择适合的材料和工艺。     

唐韩休墓壁画修复阶段霉菌病害成因分析

为评估韩休墓壁画搬迁阶段霉菌病害治理方式的有效性和长效性,研究现修复阶段霉菌病害成因及治理措施,本研究通过超景深显微镜分析霉菌病害特征,采用分子技术鉴定壁画霉菌种属,结合搬迁阶段霉菌鉴定结果、保存环境监测数据等,探究搬迁阶段霉菌治理方式对修复阶段菌群发展、演替的影响。结果表明:修复阶段壁画霉菌样品分离的11株菌株分属青霉属(Penicillium)与枝孢属(Cladosporium)。与搬迁阶段相比,壁画表面霉菌多样性显著降低,优势菌青霉菌菌落组成也存在较大差异,显示出克霉唑等防霉剂对曲霉菌、镰刀菌、交链孢菌生长的有效抑制以及青霉菌对环境的适应性与选择性。韩休墓壁画表面霉菌代谢产物作用于壁画基质,使壁画出现霉斑污染、变色等病害,且青霉菌菌丝体已深入地仗内部,对壁画结构稳定性危害极大。建议及时开展表面黄色、黑色霉菌分类清洗,杀菌剂筛选以及展柜环境监测控制等保护工作,以实现对韩休墓壁画霉菌病害的常态化治理。     

‘Faith in nation comes in different guises’1: modernist versions of religious nationalism2

ABSTRACT. Many scholars of nationalism seem to assume that religious nationalism is inherently and necessarily hostile to the secular nation‐state and to modern developments in general. The present paper challenges this conviction by drawing on recent debates among sociologists of religion, and it points to the existence of modernist versions of religious nationalism that acknowledge the legitimacy of the secular nation‐state and are generally sympathetic to modern developments. It examines one of the most prominent manifestations of this variety of nationalism, namely Protestant modernist nationalism. After a brief consideration of cases from nineteenth century Europe, the remainder of the paper focuses on the modernist religious nationalisms arising in post‐Cold War Eastern Europe, with a special focus on Slovenia.     

走出传统模式--评王和著《从邦国到帝国的先秦政治》

王和先生的《从邦国到帝国的先秦政治》一书,不仅阐述了先秦政治发展的历史脉络,而且给学术界带来了一股清新的哲理思考之风。他超越了传统的“五种生产方式说”和“部落联盟说”两个理论模式,并对传统文化的核心“群体本位”论做了精到的解读。该书进行的以三代历史为背景的历史分析,相当辩证、冷静而深入,值得一读。