明清时期广西的虎患及相关生态问题研究

在历史上,广西曾是华南虎的重要栖息地,明清时期广西经历了一个较严重的虎患过程,特别是明代中后期、清初和清末三个时期的虎患非常严重,这反映出三个时期广西的人工生态环境因受战乱的影响而呈现出某种程度的自然退化,田地荒芜导致次生性植被复萌,为虎患的爆发提供了条件。随着社会的安定和人类开发活动的加强,特别是清代乾、嘉、道时期的山地垦殖运动兴起以后,广西的生态环境发生了巨大的变迁,森林植被覆盖率不断下降,虎患逐渐减轻。但人类在免受虎害的同时,却不得不面临生态恶化的威胁。     

近代中国买办的卑微心理分析

买办在近代中国新式企业活动中一直是一个活跃的也是最富有的群体。但买办一直"耻言身份",他们存在着一种卑微心理,这种心理的产生与当时的社会环境和个人出身有密切关系。这种心理的给买办们的事业带来极大影响,也一定程度地影响了中国近代化的进程。     

从营销环境看近代中国第一个铁厂的破产

洋务运动时期,贵州当地政府在镇远创办了中国最早的近代化重工业企业——青溪铁厂。然而,由于营销环境的缺失,青溪铁厂创办不久即以失败告终。     

城市空间扩展视野下的近代上海河浜资源利用与环境问题

本文将中国近代城市化的首发之地——上海作为研究对象,以开埠后租界城市空间扩展的微观过程为视角,系统探讨其河浜资源利用与相关环境变迁的内在机制与驱动力,并对深层的制度背景进行分析。本文的研究结论是:从城市建立的初期开始,租界工部局就仅出于实用目的对自然河浜的排水功能加以利用,以私人化的地产分布、地产开发需求以及马路的拓建规划为基本导向,对河浜进行无序填没和管道化改造,而忽略了方格状感潮河网的环境脆弱性以及河浜除排水以外的其他生态功能。这种受城市空间扩展自然驱动的河浜利用方式,导致了严重的河浜形态破碎与功能紊乱,成为近代以来上海地区黑臭河道不断产生的主要原因。其制度根源主要在于:租界直接承袭了19世纪英国城市环境改造理念,并受到自治市制度的局限。     

汉代黄河流域麦作发展的环境因素与技术影响

汉代冬小麦的推广与普及,具有自东向西的时空特点。麦作发展是区域自然环境与技术条件交互作用的结果,其中自然环境条件是影响汉代黄河流域冬麦普及过程的基本因素。不论是黄河下游地区冬麦种植的较早普及还是关中地区冬麦推广的迟滞,均首先与当地的自然环境有关。在黄河下游地区,人们利用冬麦的生长特性趋利避害,减少和防止河汛水患的影响,保障粮食生产,麦子得以广泛种植。在关中地区,干旱的困扰一度制约了冬麦的推广和普及。在自然因素推动下的汉代麦作推广与普及,促进了黄河流域抗旱耕作及粮食加工技术的发展,影响深远。     

The student is not the fisherman: temporal displacement of young people's identities in Tanzania

This paper examines how young Tanzanians have their identities as environmental actors displaced into the future by local adults, teachers, educational institutions and teaching materials which seek to educate them about environmental sustainability and conservation. Whilst there has been considerable attention to young people's agency in reproducing their own identities, I argue here that the temporal displacement of young identities operates through a network of interlinked structures which act on young people's lives, including the identity work of young people themselves. Educational material produced by non-governmental organisations and the discursive work of adults both seek to position young people as having agency to act in and make decisions about the environment at an undetermined time in the future. Young people themselves can perform different identities within the space of the school and in the community or family, yet they may also understand their own identities as only having agency at a temporally distant point. The displacement of young identities has important implications for pedagogy which relates to environmental education, and for how the reproduction of young people's identities is conceptualised.     

潮湿环境下的土遗址加固保护材料筛选试验研究——以福建昙石山遗址为例

长期以来,关于潮湿环境下土遗址加固保护的适用材料问题一直是困扰我国文物保护和考古界的难点,至今尚没有成熟的规范可以参考。福建昙石山遗址作为我国东南沿海地区典型潮湿环境下的土遗址,近年来在遗址本体加固保护过程中,在加固材料的选取上,按照基础成分的不同分别对四类主要加固剂进行施工试验,通过大量的室内和现场局部试验,证明基本成分为长链烷基、烷氧基硅氧烷小分子和主要成分为含有乙氧基团的聚硅酸乙酯混合物以及主要成分为水玻璃和硅氧烷共聚物的加固剂材料加固效果较好,可用于潮湿环境下昙石山遗址的本体加固保护,这对推进我国潮湿环境下土遗址保护工作的全面发展无疑也是一次有益的尝试和探索。     

The politics of donating technological artifacts: techno-nationalism and the donations of the world’s first jet engines

The Smithsonian Institution’s aviation collection includes two early jet engines, both of which were given to the museum by foreign donors. The first, a prototype of Britain’s first jet engine, which flew during World War II, was donated by the British state in 1949. The second, a replica of Germany’s first jet engine, which flew in late August 1939, was donated by Germany’s leading museum, the Deutsches Museum, in 1980. The two are today presented as equivalent artifacts, yet the paths followed by the two objects to the American museum were anything but equivalent. Recovering the political and historical contexts that informed each of these two donations shows how what was apparently the same action fulfilled two very different agendas. Unlike the British donation, which was calculated to support Britain’s (at that time solitary) claim to having invented the jet engine, the German donation supported a narrative of dual invention, which had become the internationally agreed standard story between 1949 and 1980. This dual-inventor narrative allowed the German museum to forward a more subtle goal than promoting a national inventor; that of depoliticizing and normalizing Germany’s aerospace tradition internationally despite the fact that German aviation had been a locus for German nationalism and National Socialist largess. Reflecting on these two donations raises questions about how technology – particular historical claims about technology made in museums – have contributed to the construction of national identities.     

Contested heritages and cultural tourism

The fascination with death and disaster has encouraged the development of distinctive tourism markets, the rediscovery of sites and places of past conflict and all accompanied with uneasy narratives about what they mean and how they should be consumed. The increasingly stratified tourist economy and the interplay between demand and supply has also stimulated a complex set of ontological, socio-political and indifferent responses as places and interests compete to project often selective or stylised claims for recognition. This paper reviews the experiences of tourists visiting Derry/Londonderry, the UK’s first City of Culture and how they make sense of the competing interpretations of the past in museums, rituals and artefacts. The 17thC walled city, the city of violence and the post-conflict renaissance city are spatially and socially reproduced but rarely connect with each other to help make sense of the past for the present and critically, for the future. The paper concludes that the discursive content promised by the City of Culture was a missed opportunity to debate these places and events and critically, the problematized and reified narratives they each project.     

Exploring the clustering of creative industries

During the last decades, a large body of literature has been published on the clustering of creative industries, but it has not been reviewed in a systematic way. In this review paper, we fill this gap. The review leads to the identification of several deficiencies of current research. Based on that, we distil avenues for future empirical research on the drivers of the clustering of creative industries, which are embedded in a comprehensive analytical framework.