河南信阳战国楚墓出土彩席漆膜的成分、表面形态及髹漆工艺分析

河南信阳城阳城遗址M8为高等级战国晚期楚国贵族墓,该墓出土了以漆木器为主的各类文物400余件,其中尤以黑、红两色竹蔑编织而成的髹漆竹席最为精美。为开展彩漆竹席脱水保护提供基础数据,采用激光共聚焦显微镜、拉曼分析仪和傅里叶红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)等现代分析仪器对竹席漆膜的成分及表面形态进行了分析,并在此基础上,结合传统髹漆文献资料探讨了漆膜的制作工艺。结果表明:城阳城彩席中的黑色漆膜为大漆自然显色,红色漆膜是大漆掺加朱砂调制而成;黑色漆膜表面较为平整,漆膜与胎体结合紧密,红色漆膜表面相对粗糙,结构较为疏松;竹席漆膜的厚度在0.02~0.03 mm之间,应是由大漆涂刷至少3~5次制备而成。研究结果可为下一步的彩漆竹席的脱水保护及展示提供基础数据。     

华北平原农村居民点演变及社会经济影响因素分析

基于遥感图像分类解译数据,利用位序-规模模型、洛伦兹曲线、景观指数,定量识别了2000-2015年华北平原农村居民点空间分布、规模与形态演变特征,分析了社会经济因素的驱动机制。结果表明：华北平原农村居民点南-北方向呈显著的空间分异与集聚特征,密度分布呈现南密北疏的态势,与面积规模分布存在局域负相关;农村居民点景观指数显示出密度增大、形状更加规则、斑块面积差异增大、斑块间邻近距离不断缩短的变化特征;总人口数量和乡村户数等对农村居民点用地扩张具有促进作用,乡村常住人口、乡村从业人员数量等的作用为负。     

An assessment of morphological criteria for discriminating sheep and goat mandibles on a large prehistoric archaeological assemblage (Kerma,Sudan)

This paper presents an assessment of all known dental and mandibular morphological criteria for differentiating sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) using for the first time an archaeological sample of complete caprine skeletons (90 sheep and 13 goats) from burials at Kerma (Sudan, 3rd and 2nd millennia BC). The species determinations were assessed using cranial and post-cranial morphological criteria. Consequently, the reliability (percentage of correct determination) and efficiency (complementary percentage of intermediate scores i.e. neither sheep nor goat) of 38 individual dental criteria could be fully assessed using a prehistoric homogeneous domesticate population. We demonstrate that, for this sample, individual criteria for lacteal teeth are more reliable for sheep (sheep: 95 ± 3%) than the adult premolars (85 ± 5%) and molars (sheep: 88 ± 2%), whereas for goats premolar criteria were more reliable (83 ± 12%). For efficiency, lacteal dental criteria are better (goat: 97 ± 5%; sheep: 95 ± 3%) than those for premolar (goat: 85 ± 10%; sheep: 79 ± 5%) and molar (goat: 82 ± 6%; sheep: 83 ± 2). We also demonstrated that most isolated teeth can be determined with less than 10% error. However, on average, within specific age classes (0–1 year, 1–4 years and more than 4 years), isolated teeth increased in reliability and decreased in efficiency. The average reliability of the criteria for complete mandibles for each age class for goats and sheep was 100%, when the efficiency was 67, 40 and 50% for goats and over 90% for sheep. This is due to the effect of age on the efficiency of isolated criteria and the poor performance of specific criteria mainly those P3, M1 and M2. We conclude that separate species kill-off profiles are possible. The effect of age on dental criteria would not significantly change the interpretation for specific subsistence strategies focused on one particularly species.     

基于机器学习和图像形态学的彩色近代地图数字化——以近代上海地区地表水体信息提取为例

利用科学测绘技术绘制的近代地图作为一类珍贵的历史地理资料,不同程度上反映着过去的地表覆盖情况,数字化则是复原地图所载地表覆盖信息的重要途径。以《华东·上海》地图为例,实现并验证一种基于机器学习和图像形态学的彩色近代地图数字化方法。结果表明,该方法能够充分挖掘地图中的颜色信息和形态结构信息,以半自动方式快速准确地将彩色近代地图中的地表水体信息提取出来。该方法对数字化一类彩色近代地图具有参考价值,有望为精准复原近代以来地表覆盖变迁,深入理解人地关系变化提供数据和方法基础。     

明代丝织物保存状态的分析研究

考古出土丝绸保存状态的研究对丝绸的科学保护具有重要的指导意义。本工作选取丝纤维中最主要的桑蚕丝及柞蚕丝作参照,以考古出土的明代丝绸为研究对象,通过荧光电子显微镜观察丝绸的纤维结构形貌、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪分析化学结构,结合X-射线衍射仪分析结晶度,用薄层色谱分析丝绸中氨基酸的组成,并进一步用紫外-可见光分光光度法分析丝绸中酪氨酸含量等方法,对一件出土的明代丝绸织物的保存状态进行了科学分析研究。分析结果表明,明代丝绸为桑蚕丝,纤维丝松散且断裂较多,结晶度下降,多数氨基酸含量明显降低,只检测到甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸与谷氨酸。酪氨酸含量为13.78%,比参照桑蚕丝含量低。     

新砦聚落考古的回顾与展望——纪念新砦遗址发掘30周年

经过30年来的发掘和研究,新砦遗址在文化谱系研究、聚落形态研究、多学科合作研究等方面取得了一定成绩。二里头文化第一期不会是夏文化的上限,新砦期也不会是最早的夏文化。如果要追寻早期夏文化就必须到比新砦二期文化更早的龙山时代遗存中去寻找。在新砦遗址找到了城墙、护城河、内壕、外壕以及大型建筑。新砦遗址所在的溱洧流域自旧石器时代已经有人类居住,裴李岗文化时期已经出现较发达的农业,仰韶文化前期,聚落得到较快的发展,仰韶文化后期,聚落分化明显加剧,到了龙山时代开始出现城址,至新砦二期终于出现了都邑性质的原始城堡,二里头文化时期中心聚落似乎迁往它处,至东周时期再度繁荣。     

Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color,morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage

Burnt osteological materials are one focus of interest in forensic, archaeological, and palaeontological studies. We document the effects of experimental, controlled heating on a sample of modern bones and teeth from sheep and goats. Four aspects of heating specimens to between 20 and 940°C were considered: color, microscopic morphology, crystalline structure and shrinkage. Our results show that changes in both color and microscopic morphology of burnt bones and teeth can be divided into five stages each of which is typical of a particular temperature range, although the stages based on color do not correlate exactly with those based on micromorphology. These stages can be used to determine (1) if specimens of unknown taphonomic history were burnt, and (2) the maximum temperature reached by those specimens. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction studies show that heating causes an increase in the crystal size of hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic component of bones and teeth. This fact in conjunction with the microscopic morphology can be used to confirm deduced heating to 645°C or more. The data on shrinkage are analyzed to yield a polynomial expression that summarizes percentage shrinkage as a function of the maximum temperature reached by bones. Thus, the original size of specimens can be reconstructed within limits since the maximum temperature reached by the bones can be deduced on the basis of color, microscopic morphology and/or powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Finally, because there is a discrepancy between the maximum heating device temperature and the maximum specimen temperature, caution must be exercised in distinguishing between the effects of man made and natural fires.