地缘环境评估中的尺度陷阱

地缘环境评估是政治地理学的一个重要研究方向,对于地缘风险评估和地缘战略制定具有重要意义。但是,现有研究较少论及地缘环境评估中的尺度问题。本文基于地理学中的尺度研究,尤其是王丰龙所提出的尺度陷阱理论,系统归纳了地缘环境评估中面临的 4 类尺度陷阱。首先,在地缘环境评估中,分析的空间范围和单元划分与地缘环境的评估结果存在相互依赖关系,从而造成分析尺度选择陷阱;第二,地缘环境评估需要涵盖不同尺度上的因素,从而产生多尺度耦合陷阱;第三,地缘环境评估需要将不同尺度形式的因素同时纳入,从而面临不同尺度形式的叠合陷阱;第四,地缘环境评估需要兼顾指标的综合全面与分析问题的重点突出两个相矛盾的需求,进而产生了综合化尺度陷阱。建议后续研究在认识到这些尺度陷阱的基础上,选择更优的分析尺度,提升评估结果的稳健性,从而增强相关研究结论对于地缘风险判断和地缘战略制定的参考价值。     

THE EUROPEANIZATION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: LOCAL STRATEGIES AND EUROPEAN SPATIAL VISIONS IN NORTHERN FINLAND

By exploring the Europeanization of current practices of regional spatial planning, this article sets out to demonstrate the evolution of the European integration project. Specifically, by creating spaces of engagement to which the local and regional actors are “forced” to adapt, the emergence of European spatial planning has made planning practices at the regional level more complex and complicated. As such, the present study contributes to the current understandings of Europeanization by exploring the European integration process through the geographical conceptualizations of space and scale. These conceptualizations are used to illustrate the multidimensionality, complexity and subtlety of the geographies of Europeanization. The empirical investigations show that regional and local spatial policies are strongly engaged – both explicitly through the “technicalities” and implicitly through the “mentalities”– to the spaces of Europeanization. The engagement affects the effectiveness of sub‐regional spatial planning by promoting mismatches between the strategic frameworks and the material practices of the policy. Overall, the article illustrates that the geographies of Europeanization are continuous processes, which take place – often unrecognizably – in manifold discursive and material practices in various geographical contexts.     

基于空间自相关和时空扫描统计量的聚集比较分析

聚集是区域经济研究中的重点问题之一,而聚集定位问题又是深入分析聚集需要解决的首要问题。由于聚集具有高度的尺度敏感性,采用空间自相关方法分析时,尺度选择容易受研究者主观判断的影响,而且空间自相关方法也未考虑聚集的时间特征。与之相比,Kulldorff等学者提出的扫描统计量方法表现出了明显的优势。研究探索性地选用浙江省各市、县工业从业人口的聚集问题,从尺度选择、尺度转换和时空融合三个方面,比较了空间自相关和时空扫描统计量方法在探测聚集问题上的差异性,进而证实了时空扫描统计量方法不仅有效解决了人为选择尺度的偏倚问题,实现了尺度推绎、转换的自动化,而且更加有利地融合了立体、动态、多尺度的时空分析优势。     

基于齐夫法则的江苏省旅游收入规模结构变化研究

借用齐夫法则研究了江苏省近10年的旅游收入规模结构变化,并与差异度变化加以对比。结果显示无论是国内旅游收入还是国际旅游收入,规模分布均基本遵循齐夫定律,与差异度变化趋势也相一致;无标度区范围均呈扩大趋势,规模结构逐步得到优化。但两者也有不同点:(1)前者从局部单分形演变为几乎覆盖全域的单分形,而后者则从局部单分形→几乎覆盖全域的单分形→局部单分形→双分形;(2)前者是先呈帕雷托模式后呈不规则的帕雷托模式,而后者则是前几年呈不规则的帕雷托模式,后几年标度区一呈对数正态分布模式,标度区二呈不规则的帕雷托模式;(3)前者的规模变差是先扩大后缩小,而后者则是前几年规模变差略有波动,后几年两个标度区之间的差距稍有扩大,但各标度区内部的规模变差却呈缩小趋势。齐夫法则可为分析旅游收入规模结构变化提供新的定量方法。     

基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究

基于区域城乡一体的思想构建乡村性指数RI,通过GIS-ESDA空间分析框架,运用空间自相关、空间变差函数等测度模型对20世纪90年代以来县域尺度江苏省乡村性空间格局演变和机理进行了研究。结果表明:1990年以来县域尺度江苏省乡村性表现出较强的空间自相关性,相似地区在空间聚集分布,且集聚的程度不断增强;乡村性热点区空间结构主要以徐州-宿迁-淮安为核心的圈层结构,并且不断向盐城集聚,呈现出明显的地理集中演变特征;县域尺度乡村性空间格局的连续性和自组织性越来越强,由空间自相关引起的结构化分异的机理越来越显著;东北-西南方向乡村性空间差异较小,东南-西北方向乡村性的异质性则十分明显,空间差异较大。     

会展社会影响尺度与独立变量的相关性研究——广交会的实证研究

研究会展社会影响尺度与独立变量的相关性是会展社会影响研究的重要组成部分,对于扩大积极的会展社会影响和控制消极影响有着重要的实践意义。研究了11个独立变量与会展社会影响尺度的3个公共因子之间的相关关系,结果表明,独立变量对公共因子的影响有限,只有性别、居住地、居住时间、文化程度、收入和在相关行业工作等6个独立变量与会展社会影响感知显著相关。广交会案例表明:第一,性别方面,女性的个人收益感知强于男性。第二,居住地方面,海珠区居民对广交会社会影响的正面感知最弱,负面感知最强;天河区和广州其他区居民对广交会社会影响的正面感知相对较弱,负面感知相对较强;而越秀区的居民对广交会的正面感知最强,负面感知最弱。第三,在广州居住年限越长的居民对广交会社会影响的感知越消极。第四,文化程度越高的居民,对于广交会社会影响的感知越消极;第五,收入方面,居民月均实际收入越高,对个人收益感知越弱;第六,在相关行业工作的居民的个人收益感知比不在相关行业内工作的居民感知更强烈。     

Scale frames and counter-scale frames: constructing the problem of environmental injustice

The concept of environmental injustice raises difficult questions about on how best to measure and address environmental inequities across space, and environmental justice politics are permeated by considerable debate over the nature and spatial extent of both problem and possible solutions. This paper theorizes the politics of environmental justice as a politics of scale in order to explore how environmental justice activists respond to the scalar ambiguity inherent in the political concept of environmental justice. With a case study of a controversy over a proposed polyvinylchloride production facility in rural Convent, Louisiana, I develop the concept of scale frames and counter-scale frames as strategic discursive representations of a social grievance that do the work of naming, blaming, and claiming, with meaningful reference to particular geographic scales. The significance of scale is expressed alternatively within these frames as an analytical spatial category, as scales of regulation, as territorial framework(s) for cultural legitimacy, and as a means of inclusion, exclusion and legitimation.     

我国土地经营规模的区域差异性分析

土地经营的规模是与一定的自然,经济社会,技术条件相适应的,基本身是一个相对的,动态的因地而异的范畴,它的大小是由于若干可变因素决定的,现阶段我国不同地区完全可以开发实行不同形式,不同层次。不同规模级的土地规模经营,并逐渐向具有完整涵义的规模经营过渡,本分析了土地经营规模的影响因素和我国推行规模经营的条件,给出了土地经营规模的测算方法,根据区域差异性对全国30个省级行政单位进行了聚类分析,并指明了各类进行土地规模经营的发展方向。     

Unpacking children in migration research

In the light of calls for children's geographers to attend to happenings beyond the localised perception of children themselves, this piece considers the state of migration studies when it comes to the experiences of children and young people. It provides an overview of existing research and suggests that in the context of migration, more could be done to foreground the perspectives of children in their own right. Given that attending to everyday experience is an endeavour of concern to adult-centric migration research, the paper concludes by suggesting that this might be an area in which children's geographers could contribute to another sub-discipline.     

清代北京的山西商人——根据136宗个人样本所做的分析

Based on 136 samples of merchants and their activities, this article analyzes the Shanxi merchants’ business activities in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The discussion focuses on the merchants’ native places, the type and scope of their business, how they managed their stores, successful and failed examples, and the governmental intervention to the merchants’ business. The Shanxi merchants in these samples include business owners, store managers, accountants, shop clerks, servants, and apprentices. Most stores discussed in this article are shops of medium and small sizes with limited amount of capital and few employees. In contrast to the studies of commerce and merchants that often focuses on famous merchants and large enterprises, this article attempts to provide supplemental information on stores of medium and small sizes. Translated by Yang Kai-chien from Zhongguo Jingjishi Yanjiu 中国经济史研究 (Researches in Chinese Economic History), 2008, (1): 3–10