1912－1924年留日士官生与中国军事现代化成败

清末民初,积弱不振的中国在内忧外患的冲击下,接连向日本派遣了大批留学生,专习陆军,这些留日士官生学成归国后,被充实到各个军事部门。他们无论在主持军事教育,还是在充任现役军官方面,均做出了不同程度的贡献。但囿于时代的限制,他们纷纷卷入了军阀混战的旋涡,从而在中国军事现代化进程中留下了败笔。     

FROM REVOLUTION TO MODERNIZATION: THE PARADIGMATIC TRANSITION IN CHINESE HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE REFORM ERA

Chinese historiography of modern China in the 1980s and 1990s underwent a paradigmatic transition: in place of the traditional revolutionary historiography that bases its analyses on Marxist methodologies and highlights rebellions and revolutions as the overarching themes in modern Chinese history, the emerging modernization paradigm builds its conceptual framework on borrowed modernization theory and foregrounds top‐down, incremental reforms as the main force propelling China's evolution to modernity. This article scrutinizes the origins of the new paradigm in the context of a burgeoning modernization discourse in reform‐era China. It further examines the fundamental divides between the two types of historiography in their respective constructions of master narratives and their different approaches to representing historical events in modern China. Behind the prevalence of the modernization paradigm in Chinese historiography is Chinese historians' unchanged commitment to serving present political needs by interpreting the past.     

论我国现代货币单位"元、角、分"体系的确立

18世纪中叶以降 ,中国货币制度的近代化渐次展开。新的货币单位———“元、角、分”体系随之出现 ,在与传统货币单位的竞争中不断发展 ,1910年成为法定货币单位。通过北洋政府和国民党政府的努力 ,“元、角、分”体系的地位最终得以确立 ,并由中华人民共和国沿用至今     

我国城市现代化指标体系有关问题研究

城市现代化是城市发展的基本方面,是研究城市问题的基本课题。本文首先提出了城市现代化的时序性、动态性和阶段性特征,指标选择的理论基础为可持续发展原则、指标界定的综合性、指向性及层次性。之后对我国城市现代化水平测度标准、水平评价等问题进行了研究,以期对我国城市现代化指标体系的建立提供有益的参考。     

一致于改革开放的现代化与中国特色社会主义

对中国社会改革开放重要意义的认识应置于现代化与中国特色社会主义相统一的视野中。无论是对改革开放历程的总结,还是对中国特色社会主义道路的认识,都必须基于中国社会现代化道路的曲折探索过程。唯有从这三个方面且将三者有机地联系起来进行全面认识,方可实现对改革开放历史作用的深刻判断。     

THE SWEDISH CONSULAR SERVICE IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, 1720–18151

This paper deals with the origins and functions of the Swedish consular service in Southern Europe between 1720 and 1815. It is argued that establishment of the consular service was a necessary part of the Swedish policy of trade expansion. Consuls acted partly as commission agents of Swedish merchant and shipowners, because Sweden lacked established trading contacts in the area. Partly, consuls had official diplomatic functions, especially in North Africa. The consular service is conceived as an institutional arrangement reducing transaction costs of Swedish agents. This article suggests that reduction in protection costs in particular was a significant competitive advantage of Swedish merchants and shipowners and was due to peace treaties with the Barbary states in North Africa and Sweden's neutrality in the 18th‐century great power conflicts.     

周恩来的现代化思想：承继、解难与创新

周恩来是新中国的缔造者之一。为中国现代化奠定坚硕基础,他睿智地选择承继,按实际环境及形势,针对时代难题,逐一实现现代化政策,以务实承容态度,吸收外来文化精华而不失自我本质,吸收外来现代化策略创造性地转化为本土现代化策略,在探索中国现代化道路的过程中,提出了许多真知灼见——中国现代化必须坚持既反保守又反冒进、在综合平衡中稳步前进的思想;中国现代化必须正确处理独立自主、自力更生与学习外国的互动平衡的思想;关于尊重知识分子在经济建设中的重要作用的思想;关于中国现代化是全盘现代化的思想等,为中国21世纪现代化奠定不可动摇之基础。这些思想对于迈入21世纪的中国现代化建设仍然具有深远的影响和前瞻性的现实意义。     

United with the Countrymen: Folklore Studies at Peking University, 1918–26

Late nineteenth and early twentieth century China faced a grave national crisis resulting from intense foreign pressure and a rigid political system that was incapable of adapting to the challenges of the modern world. China’s decline did, however, lead to a wave of nationalism that swept across Chinese society. Set against this backdrop, a new generation of patriotically minded intellectuals, one with relatively broad exposure to Western thinking and academic methods, turned its focus to enlightening the oppressed masses as a means of bringing about national salvation. These intellectuals pursued this forward-looking aim by looking to the past for inspiration. More specifically, they looked to folk culture as a means of connecting with the common people and weaving together a new discourse that promoted national unity. Under these circumstances, a group of professors at Peking University, including Zhou Zuoren, Liu Fu, and Gu Jiegang, began to search for vernacular works in folk culture. This article examines folklore studies at Peking University expanding from folksongs to folk customs and other forms of folk literature. It focuses on early folklorists’ activities, folklore organizations, and primary publications. Under the university’s influence, folklore studies appeared in various newspapers and other research institutions in Beijing and Shanghai in rapid succession.