Reflections on Collaborative Archaeology and Large-Scale Online Research Infrastructures

ABSTRACT

The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) is an archive working at a national level in the UK, ensuring that archaeologists have access to high quality and dependable digital resources, including openly licensed legacy data for reuse. The ADS acts as a metadata aggregator for archaeological data held by larger heritage agencies and smaller regional organizations and participates in international aggregation infrastructure projects such as ARIADNE, which allows users to access archaeological resources held in many countries from a single interface. Large-scale infrastructures can facilitate the building of long-term, complex relationships and active collaborations, not just technical solutions. This paper reflects on the roles of stewardship and equity within ARIADNE and the ADS, two large-scale online research infrastructures, and how these types of infrastructures may help to create a more collaborative archaeology, including lessons learned, challenges and opportunities, and thoughts for the future.     

What are patterns in the humanities?

ABSTRACT

This paper is concerned with patterns in past human behaviour, what they are, and how this relates to the detection of patterns in data by means of computation. Theorists have not given patterns the attention they deserve. Therefore it is far from clear what patterns are and to what purpose scholars may use them. This paper presents eight propositions on patterns which hold true for patterns found ‘by hand’ and patterns found ‘by computation’. One such is that a pattern is discernible in behaviour when we subject it to the intentional stance, as the philosopher Daniel Dennett argues. Here behaviour is part of an intentional system. This paper’s argument is that the patterns found ‘by computation’ too are part of an intentional system. To substantiate this claim this paper discusses two important examples of detecting computational patterns in the domain of the humanities.     

基于手机数据可靠性分析的旅游城市功能空间识别研究

随着移动通信和移动互联网的普及,带有地理空间信息的“大数据”受到人文地理学者的关注。本文关注手机移动数据的旅游研究价值,以张家界市武陵源区、慈利县为例,首先分析了通信公司漫游用户数、基站网流量和话务量代表实际游客量的可靠性程度,然后探讨了漫游用户数波动对大尺度行政区的功能空间反映,最后挖掘了网流量波动对小尺度基站区的功能空间识别。结果显示,漫游用户数仅在旅游区对实际游客量具有可靠性,基站网流量比话务量的可靠性更强;漫游用户数在旅游区的波动幅度更大;基站网流量的空间因子分析识别出日常居住区、重点旅游区等功能空间。     

SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION and EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE GEOGRAPHIC WEIGHTS MATRIX ACCOMPANYING GEO-REFERENCED DATA

Gaining a better understanding of spatial data and a deeper meaning of spatial statistical results gleaned from geo-referenced data requires a more complete knowledge of properties of the underlying geometry. This paper addresses these two topics by further investigating important geometric features of spatial data. The importance of this work is expressed in the geographic information system literature regarding representations of geographic space, as well as various geographic literatures concerned with spatial statistical modelling. Answers to three questions are obtained here. One asks whether or not those eigenvectors associated with the three largest eigenvalues of a binary geographic weights matrix have natural interpretations. A second question asks whether or not the eigenvalues of a geographic weights matrix prove useful in understanding the sampling distribution for spatial autocorrelation in a given geographic landscape. A third question addresses the issue of spatial autocorrelation components of geo-refer-enced phenomena. The analysis summarized in this paper documents responses to these three questions. Empirical evidence is gleaned from both Canadian urban census tract data and the square tessellations of remotely sensed data. Afin ?obtenir une meilleure compréhension de données spatiales et un sens plus approfondi de résultats statistiques spatiaux découlant de données spatialisées, il faut une connaissance plus complète des propriétés de la géométrie sous-jacente. La présente étude porte sur ces deux sujets en étudiant plus avant des caractéristiques géométriques importantes des données spatiales. La pertinence de ce travail est confirmée par la littérature sur les systèmes ?information géographique concernant des représentations de ?espace géographique, ainsi que par divers courants de la littérature gégraphique portant sur la modélisation statistique spatiale. Des réponses À donneràtrois questions ont pu être obtenues dans ce travail. Tout ?abord ?on se demande si les vecteurs propres associe's aux trois plus grandes valeurs propres ?une matrice gégraphique binaire de pondération ont des interprétations naturelles. Une deuxième question portant sur les valeurs propres ?une matrice géographique de pondération concerne leur utilityé pour la compréhension de la distribution ?échantillonnage de ?auto-corrélation spatiale sur un paysage gégraphique données Une troisième question concerne le problème de la composition de ?autocorrélation spatiale présente dans des données spatialisées. L ‘analyse résumée dans la présente étude comporte des éléments de réponseaG ces trios questions. Une démonstration empirique est faite à partir de données du recensement urbain canadien à?échelle des secteurs, et à partir de la mosaïque carrée habituelle de données satellitaires. Mots-clés: Fonctions propres, Géometrie, données spatialisées, autocorrelation spatiale, statistique spatiale, partition de surfaces     

Colonial Virginia's paper money regime, 1755–74: A forensic accounting reconstruction of the data

In this article, the author reconstructs the data on Virginia's paper money regime using forensic accounting techniques. He corrects the existing data on the amounts authorized and outstanding, and reconstructs yearly data on previously unknown aspects of Virginia's paper money regime, including printings, net new emissions, redemptions and removals, denominational structures, expected redemption tax revenues, and specie accumulating in the treasury for paper money redemption. These new data form the foundation for narratives written on the social, economic, and political history of Virginia, as well as for testing models of colonial paper money performance.     

The statistical politics of exceptional territories

The so-called Rotterdam Act enables municipal governments in the Netherlands to bar poor households with no or limited residential history in the metropolitan area from moving into certain neighborhoods. Although evidently at odds with principles of equality enshrined in law, the Act has emerged as a standard part of the policy tool kit. This article seeks to explain how the Rotterdam Act came to pass. Asking this question sets us on the path of reconstructing how specific urban areas suffering from extraordinary problems were identified and how using exceptional measures to exclude specific groups were instituted. In a word, we are interested in the construction of exceptionality. We show that the construction of exceptional territories is based on the interplay of discretionary power and statistical calculation. We discuss the wider relevance of our analysis to the emerging field of critical data studies and for understanding the links between sovereignty, territory and statistics in constitutional democracies.     

蒋百里对中国抗战的理论探索与贡献

蒋百里很早就把日本视作中国国防的首要敌人,预料日本会发动大规模的侵华战争,拟出持久抵抗、攻守结合的国防战略,并从军事布置、物质准备、工业布局和实施国家总动员等方面,积极筹划抵御日本侵略的国防建设.他的"机动作战"论和组建大规模机械化部队开展运动战抗击日军的建议,为中国抗战军事理论做出了一定的贡献.他的"抗战必胜"论,更激励了士心民气,坚定了全国军民抗战到底的决心,为抗日战争的最后胜利奠下一份心理基础.     

The spatial scope of agglomeration economies in Brazil

This paper provides evidence about location and colocation patterns of manufacturing entrepreneurship and spatial scope of agglomeration economies in the context of a developing country. Using microgeographic data for all Brazilian manufacturing activities and distance-based measures, we find clear patterns of colocalization between entrants and existing establishments, and that these patterns occur mainly at short distances. For activities presenting colocalization between entrants and existing establishments, our results also indicate that a greater number of incumbent establishments in a given location positively affects the number of entrant establishments that decide to locate there, an effect that attenuates rapidly with distance (generally disappearing after 5 km). This pattern of attenuation is robust to both the inclusion of a comprehensive set of controls for observable and unobservable local characteristics and the use of instrumental variables to address remaining endogeneity concerns.     

当代中国史研究中的文献史料问题

当代中国史研究需要搜集、整理、考证和利用文献史料。搜集史料要求“全”,整理史料要求“实”,考证史料要求“真”,利用史料要求“准”,这些直接关系到所出研究成果的科学水平和学术质量。当代中国史文献史料类型多种,既包括有关的文件和档案、文集和文稿、报纸和新闻稿、定期刊物、纪实和回忆、资料汇编,又涉及地方史志、史学史料、国外资料、批判研究资料。就此文献史料进行马克思主义的历史考察和具体分析,可加深对其真实性、政治性和现实性的认识。建国后,学术界十分重视当代中国史文献史料工作:搜集相当广泛,整理比较系统,考证多有创新,利用成效显著。倘能对此丰富实践继续给予理论上的总结,无论对于当代中国史文献史料学的学科建设,乃至当代中国史研究的深入和发展,都具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。