跨文化服务接触中游客服务质量感知的心理模型建构

服务接触是跨文化旅游交际的核心,是游客满意度构成的重要组成部分。本文以中国导游和美国游客之间的服务接触为例,以心理模型理论为基础,分析了美国游客感知中国导游服务质量的过程。本文认为,游客感知服务质量、形成满意度的过程是一个游客建构心理模型的推理过程。在建构过程中,由于游客的文化定位、价值观、旅游经历、个性特征、认知能力和情绪等诸因素的不同,每个游客所建构的心理模型不尽相同,最终形成的服务质量评价和满意度也不尽相同。     

Chronicle for 1993

Abstract

Theory is not a goal in itself but a means of enriching the history of cartography by stimulating new research questions and objectives. In this paper the concept of ‘transparent maps’ (carriers of an image of the external reality of the world) and ‘opaque maps’ is introduced. The notion is approached structurally (standards of graphical representation, drawing, geometry, text); through the sociology of the map (map makers, institutions, the public); and through seeing maps in their cultural and historical context (an approach which raises issues of the definitional boundaries of the history of cartography and which is arguably one of the most stimulating perspectives today as fostered by, in particular, contributors to the History of Cartography). Finally, attention is drawn to three important topics for the research agenda: the links between maps and culture; maps as a language of communication and as instruments of power; and the links between perception, logic and mnemonics.     

The Railways of Britain: An Unstudied Map Corpus

ABSTRACT

Railway mapping, a distinctive genre of cartography, came into existence with the invention of railway transport in Britain. The planned route for the first public railway, the Stockton & Darlington Railway, was surveyed by 1820 as a statutory requirement for the Act of Parliament that was necessary before construction could proceed. The Stockton & Darlington Railway was granted its Act in 1821 and opened in 1825. From then on, an abundance of maps, plans, diagrams and technical drawings were created to enable railways to be planned, constructed and operated; to be changed, developed and regulated; to attract business and passengers; and to provide railway staff with a range of specialist tools. Today, Britain probably has the largest surviving corpus of such material, but owing to the essentially private nature of the preparation and use of railway maps, it remains largely unstudied and therefore scarcely evaluated in terms of its historical worth. This paper summarizes the archival history of Britain's railway maps and describes eleven broad categories of railway cartography that collectively form a coherent body of maps covering much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and which await better access and comprehensive study. It also underlines the urgency of ensuring the preservation of the railway map archive from further loss and destruction.     

Cordiform Maps since the Sixteenth Century: The Legacy of Nineteenth‐Century Classificatory Systems

The heart‐shaped, or cordiform, maps of the sixteenth century, including those by Oronce Fine, Peter Apian and Gerard Mercator, have long intrigued historians. Most writers have considered the heart shape a product only of mathematics, but some have recently offered other interpretations for the use of the heart. A classificatory system devised by d'Avezac in 1863, however, has impeded our understanding of the cordiform map, particularly in the matter of what is considered to be such a map. The nature of his classification and its reception by other writers since the late nineteenth century are examined in order to elucidate new directions for the study of the use of the heart shape in sixteenth‐century cartography.     

Francisco Faleiro and Scientific Methodology at the Casa de la Contratación in the Sixteenth Century

Henricus Martellus's four world maps of c.1489 show a non‐existent Asian peninsula east of the Aurea Chersonesus (the Malay peninsula). For some decades a group of scholars in Latin America has been claiming that this so‐called ‘Dragon's Tail’ peninsula is really a pre‐Columbian map of South America. In this paper, the cartographical and place‐name evidence is examined, showing that the identification has not been proved, and that perceived similarities between the river and coastal outlines on this ‘Dragon's Tail’ peninsula and those of South America are fortuitous. Ptolemy's depiction of an enclosed Indian Ocean was invalidated when Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Consequently, a year or two later, Martellus adapted the east Asian section of Ptolemy's world map, providing China with an east coast and turning the southward extension of Asia into a peninsula. The non‐Ptolemaic place‐names on these maps were derived from Marco Polo's writings.     

个体的社会适应与心理健康的相关性研究

“体质——心理——社会”是较为公认的研究和理解人类健康的模式。心理健康具有个体性和社会性的双重属性,其个体性有发展性和自主性的特点,其社会性有适应性和规范性的特点。社会文化环境作为人们生存的物质条件,同时也是人类生存的心理条件,随着社会的发展,心理——社会因素和情绪刺激对人类的精神健康和躯体健康的影响越来越大,研究人的心理健康状况与社会适应状况、身体健康的互动关系,对于准确评判人们的健康状况及科学有效地保健和预防疾病有着重要的意义。本文主要从人际关系和健康状况的心理归因、医学领域中的心理学演进及其内涵、中国传统文化向心理保健的迁移等三个方面对个体的社会适应和心理健康的相关性进行了研究。