旅游目的地形象的测量与分析——以南京在华东区域内的比较性研究为例

旅游目的地形象对旅游者的目的地决策具有重要影响,因而关于其实际测量和分析的研究成为国内外旅游研究的重点内容之一。我国该领域研究虽然在开展市场调查和定量统计分析方面已取得长足进展,但仍存在研究视角和方法过于单一的突出局限。因此,本文将着眼点放在旅游者需求和区域内竞争对手这两个经常被忽视的要素上,将它们纳入研究设计之中,以南京为案例目的地,通过综合运用重要性-表现分析法(IPA)和对应分析法(CA)系统阐释了如何从这两个角度来测量和分析目的地形象的基本路径。研究识别了南京当前形象在满足旅游者需求上的优、劣势以及其独特的差异化优势属性,对其形象管理的资源配置和竞争性形象定位战略的开发具有重要启示。     

The Magnus-Rademaker Scientific Film Collection: Ethical Issues on Animal Experimentation (1908–1940)

The Magnus-Rademaker scientific film collection (1908–1940) deals with the physiology of body posture by the equilibrium of reflex musculature contractions for which experimental studies were carried out with animals (e.g., labyrinthectomies, cerebellectomies, and brain stem sections) as well as observations done on patients. The films were made for demonstrations at congresses as well as educational objectives and film stills were published in their books. The purpose of the present study is to position these films and their makers within the contemporary discourse on ethical issues and animal rights in the Netherlands and the earlier international debates. Following an introduction on animal rights and antivivisection movements, we describe what Magnus and Rademaker thought about these issues. Their publications did not provide much information in this respect, probably reflecting their adherence to implicit ethical codes that did not need explicit mentioning in publications. Newspaper articles, however, revealed interesting information. Unnecessary suffering of an animal never found mercy in Magnus’ opinion. The use of cinematography was expanded to the reduction of animal experimentation in student education, at least in the case of Rademaker, who in the 1930s was involved in a governmental committee for the regulation of vivisection and cooperated with the antivivisection movement. This resulted not only in a propaganda film for the movement but also in films that demonstrate physiological experiments for students with the purpose to avert repetition and to improve the teaching of experiments. We were able to identify the pertinent films in the Magnus-Rademaker film collection. The production of vivisection films with this purpose appears to have been common, as is shown in news messages in European medical journals of the period.     

Darwin’s missing links

The historical process underlying Darwin’s Origin of Species (Origin) did not play a significant role in the early editions of the book, in spite of the particular inductivist scientific methodology it espoused. Darwin’s masterpiece did not adequately provide his sources or the historical perspective many contemporary critics expected. Later editions yielded the ‘Historical Sketch’ lacking in the earlier editions, but only under critical pressure. Notwithstanding the sources he provided, Darwin presented the Origin as an ‘abstract’ in order to avoid giving sources; a compromise he acknowledged and undertook to set right in later editions, yet failed to provide throughout the six editions under his supervision. Darwin’s reluctance to publish the historical context of his theory and his sources, particularly sources which were also ‘precursors’, may be attributed as much to the matter of intellectual ownership as science, or even good literary practice. Of special concern to Darwin were issues of priority or originality over ‘descent with modification’ and especially over Natural Selection. Many later historians have argued that Darwin was unaware of the work of his precursors on Natural Selection. Darwin’s theory was an example of independent discovery, albeit along with such obscure precursors as Matthew or Wells, who were unknown to Darwin until after the publication of the Origin. Both Matthew and Wells had a medical education, like James Hutton or Erasmus Darwin earlier in the eighteenth century, or even (in part) Charles Darwin. Evolutionary theory, at least in Britain was a product largely of the medical evolutionists rather than the natural historians which ‘history’ has chosen to select for the focus of attention; and among the medical evolutionists the figure of John Hunter stands out as theorist, experimentalist and teacher: the medical evolutionists were predominantly the product of Hunter’s legacy or of the medical profession and particularly the Scottish Universities. Much recent Darwin scholarship has focused on the private Notebooks, to establish Darwin’s discovery of Natural Selection around 1837–1838 and demonstrate Darwin’s ignorance of his precursors; requiring an explicit acknowledgement by Darwin as the legitimate substantiation of any claim to prior influence. The precursors have been categorized as uniformly obscure or irrelevant to the science of evolution which may be defined exclusively as ‘Darwinian’. The inclination to acknowledge influences, however was not something Darwin was gratuitously given to doing, especially on matters of priority. The Notebooks are not Darwin’s private thoughts; from an early stage he considered them incipient public documents and later sought to protect them as proof of his originality. William C. Wells was not an obscure thinker, but a celebrated scientist whom Herschel, Darwin’s guide to scientific methodology, had recommended as providing a model of scientific method. Darwin discovered Wells through Herschel, and quickly acquired a copy of Wells’ recommended work, no later than 1831, and held it thereafter in his library at Down House. This book, the 1818 edition of Wells’ Two Essays contains a third essay, Wells’ account of Natural Selection. Later, in the Descent of Man (1871) Darwin acknowledged his separate discovery of the correlation of colour and disease immunity in man, also earlier recounted by Wells.     

A convenient “inconvenience”: The eponymous legacy of Sir William Richard Gowers (1845–1915)

A century since his passing, the legacy of the great Victorian clinical neurologist, Sir William Richard Gowers (1845–1915), remains traceable to students and practitioners of medicine worldwide through eponymous medical terms named in his honor. Popular designations like “Gowers’ sign” continue to lead curious minds to learn more about the pioneering neurologist’s lifework and influence, and yet Gowers himself was not fond of medical eponyms. Memorably remarking that eponyms were an educational “inconvenience” in medicine, Gowers was apt to disfavor the system in the very same lecture in which he reportedly first referred to the spinal cord fasciculus that later took his name. This article will examine Gowers’ own use of eponyms alongside the eponymous medical terms named for him, and, in the process, will show how Gowers’ “inconvenience” may be of great service to the historically inclined modern clinician today.     

分级诊疗能否促进空间平等？——基于上海市公共医疗服务可达性的情景分析

转型期中国城市社会空间经历剧烈重塑,不平衡不充分发展也体现在城市内部空间。充分的实证研究有助于理解抽象的城市内部空间平等议题,为决策提供科学参考。本研究从空间平等视角出发,以上海市为案例,结合分级诊疗情景模式,在人口、医疗设施信息、POI等数据基础上,借助两步移动搜索法评估以医疗资源为代表的公共服务可达性状况;并采用多种不平等指数测算不同城市居民面临的可达性差异。研究表明,分级诊疗模式可显著提高上海市医疗资源在全域覆盖的程度,缓解了中心城区和郊区之间的空间不平等状况。然而,这种“政策的红利”往往被优势群体所吸纳,而以移民、低学历者、工人以及租房居民为代表的弱势群体,他们的可达性却无显著改善。     

隋唐医用古籍若干词语考释

隋唐医用古籍,能完整传世的数量不多,并且都是中医方面的专用书,而鉴于语言的共通性,这些医书完全可以为此一时期的词汇研究提供可贵的材料。本文主要选择了有代表性的儿部医书,如《千金要方》、《千金翼方》、《外台秘要》、《诸病源候论》,兼参他书,完成了若干词语的考释工作。     

胡家草场汉简医方杂识两则

胡家草场医简与里耶秦简医方内容近似,可以对读。本文以胡家草场"治心腹病"方和"病水"方为例,对里耶简中的若干文字进行补释,并结合传世医籍对两个医方所记病症及治疗方法作出初步疏证。     

Modified innovation diffusion — A way to explain the diffusion of cholera in Linköping in 1866? A study in methods

This article seeks to simulate diffusions of cholera from different water sources in the town of Linköping in 1866. The innovation diffusion theory, developed by Hägerstrand, has been used and modified. The article also investigates if it is possible to ascertain which water sources were contaminated during the cholera epidemic of 1866. The modifications of the theory of innovation diffusion resulted in a simulation model, which took into consideration the distribution of the population and barriers. The model corresponded with reality both in graphic and cartographic comparisons. With the help of the model, three water sources were identified as having been the probable cholera spreaders.     

语音对应与周、堂的同源关系

同源词内部是由词群构成的,词群与词群之间音义是对应的,因此,语音对应性是同源词判定的一个标准,语音对应,不仅对系联和验证同源词具有积极的意义,而且对探求词的本义有积极意义。"周"、"堂"同源的证明,可以为语音对应提供证据。