"把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去"——毛泽东"六·二六"指示的历史考察

1965年,我国广大农村还没有彻底改变缺医少药的落后面貌,围绕着优先发展重工业的经济建设目标,卫生部长期将人力、物力和财力集中在城市,为此,毛泽东发出了“把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去”的指示。这不仅是毛泽东始终坚持的群众观点和对官僚主义作风深恶痛绝的反映,更是出于他对当时战备形势的考虑。“六·二六”指示的贯彻执行有力地推动了农村巡回医疗的深入开展和合作医疗的推广与普及,极大地改善了农村的医疗卫生状况。今天重提这一指示,对于审视当下的医疗卫生改革,加快农村医疗保障制度的建设,具有重要的现实意义。     

晚清教会医院慈善医疗演变述论

教会医院的慈善医疗是基督教在华慈善事业的重要组成部分。在晚清特殊的社会背景下,教会医院的慈善医疗经历了一个发展变化的过程。19世纪30—60年代,教会医院作为基督教适应中国社会的产物,从一开始即进行免费的慈善医疗,其经费依赖于外国,医学传教士是慈善医疗的主体。19世纪70—90年代,有的教会医院继续实行免费的慈善医疗,有的教会医院在收费制度下进行不同形式的慈善医疗,中国人对教会医院的资助开始增加,一些中国人在慈善医疗中发挥了一定的作用。20世纪初,实行收费制度是教会医院的通行办法,教会医院在此情况下进行了不同形式的慈善医疗,来自中国的经费日益增加,中国人在慈善医疗中发挥的作用不断增强。上述变化不仅是教会医院适应中国社会的产物,也是中国人对其态度变化的结果。     

The Use of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) in Taphonomy: The Case of Middle Helladic Asine,Greece

The goal of this paper is to investigate whether multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), a multivariate statistical technique, is a useful dimensionality‐reduction tool in zooarchaeological and taphonomic studies. For this purpose, the focus is to detect and discuss traces of waste management. Animal bones from waste‐related contexts at the Bronze Age site Asine, Greece, are investigated. The data consist of bone fragments dating to the Middle Helladic from this site. Unidentified fragments were categorised in size classes, where possible. Information on taxa, skeletal parts and the presence or absence of several taphonomic markers is included in the data set. The MCA reveals several correlations of zooarchaeological interest. For example, the association between indeterminate fragments and calcined bone points to issues concerning identification and preservation. Floors are characterised by weathered long‐bone fragments from medium‐sized mammals. Additionally, the results of MCA indicate that the material might have suffered from density‐mediated attrition, based on the abundance of axial fragments, which did not differ between different contexts and taxa. The results show that MCA can be used to detect zooarchaeological and taphonomic patterns. This multivariate technique is useful when investigating large data sets, as is often the case with large zooarchaeological assemblages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

L'ANALYSE DES CORRESPONDANCES: UNE AIDE À LA DESCRIPTION DE DONNÉES SPATIO-TEMPORELLES — APPLICATION À L'OCCUPATION DU SOL EN RÉGION WALLONNE, BELGIQUE

L'analyse des correspondances (AC) est une méthode exploratoire d'analyse multivariée destinée à représenter graphiquement et de façon synthétique les lignes et les colonnes d'un tableau de contingence. Dans la présente application, nous considerons un ensemble de tables annuelles qui ventilent la surface de la Région wallonne selon ses cinq provinces et ses classes d'occupation du sol. Ces tables annuelles sont juxtaposées et traitées simultanément par AC, de sorte qu'on peut suivre sur les graphiques l'évolution des provinces et celle des occupations. Grâce à un critère de maximisation de l'inertie temporelle, ces dynamiques sont paticulièrement bien mises en évidence en une représentation toutefois très concise.
Correspondence analysis (CA) is an exploratory multivariate technique used to represent graphically and in a synthetic way the rows and columns of a contingency table. In this application, we consider a set of annual tables that cross-classify the Walloon Region surface according to its five provinces and land-cover classes. These annual tables are juxtaposed and processed simultaneously by CA, so that one can observe on the graphical displays the temporal changes of the provinces and those of the land-cover classes. Thanks to a criterion of maximizing temporal inertia, these dynamics are particularly well emphasized in a very concise representation.     

构建中国农村医疗保障体系的路径选择——从政府功能的角度阐释

在社会主义新农村建设中,农村医疗保障的缺失已成为一个严峻的问题,农村医疗保障体系的建立已成为一个不容忽视的难题。然而,作为构建农村医疗保障体系主体的政府却存在着严重的功能缺失。因此,发挥政府的功能是构建中国农村医疗保障体系的路径选择之一。     

How Risk Perceptions Influence Evacuations from Hurricanes and Compliance with Government Directives

In this study we present evidence supporting the view that people's perceived risk of hurricane‐related hazards can be reduced to a single seriousness score that spans different hurricane‐induced risk types and that compliant behavior with official advisories is strongly dependent on whether one perceives a high risk with respect to any type of hurricane‐related hazards. Our analysis suggests that people are less sensitive to risk type than they are to the general seriousness of the risks. Using this single seriousness score, representing a composite risk measure, emergency managers can be informed about the severity of the public's risk perceptions to impending hurricane hazards and might better craft their public directives in ways that minimize disruptive evacuations and achieve greater compliance with government directives.     

The James Ramsay Hunt Case Books

James Ramsay Hunt (1874–1937) was one of the pioneers of early-twentieth-century American neurology. The James Ramsay Hunt Case Books, Columbia University, were created by Hunt and chronicle his experience with private patients from 1903 until 1937. This resource is not widely known to scholars and the content of these 30 volumes has not been described in detail. The purpose of this report is to describe this resource in terms of its organization, general contents and special features. The books contain the clinical records of 5,019 consecutive patients. The largest proportion had neurasthenia or psychiatric diagnoses, followed by those with neuropathies, manifestations of neurosyphilis, migraine and epilepsy. The books, through the enclosed correspondence, photographs, and poetry sent by patients, reveal a close relationship between the patients and their physician. Hunt's drawings are a special feature of the early volumes, including his original unpublished drawing of the lesions associated with his herpetic geniculate ganglion syndrome. The Case Books, by providing an indexed and permanent record of cases, would have made it easier for Hunt to cross-reference patients with similar clinical characteristics when he was in the process of describing a new syndrome. These Case Books provide a valuable perspective of the practice of neurology in early-twentieth-century America.     

Faith,philanthropy and the aged poor in nineteenth-century England and Wales

In the last half of the nineteenth century, Victorians grappled with welfare issues regarding the aged poor as social investigators sought to explain their dependency and poverty. Elderly men and women who were unable to care for themselves, and without a family or community to attend to their needs, had few alternatives outside the workhouse in nineteenth-century England and Wales. Catholic homes for the elderly managed by communities of women religious such as the Sisters of Nazareth provided an important option to the aged poor who often needed both accommodation and medical care. These homes provided a unique form of social welfare which attracted the attention of Protestants as well as Catholics as benefactors. Protestant reformers, looking for different approaches to maintaining the aged poor, inspected these Catholic homes in order to develop their own institutional solutions. Perhaps more pointedly, this interaction between Protestants and Catholics offers a counter narrative to the usual histories that emphasise anti-Catholicism, sectarianism and conflict. Despite the anti-Catholic tenor of the times, the homes for the aged of the Sisters of Nazareth were recognized and funded by both Catholics and Protestants as they were seen as providing a much needed form of charitable aid for the aged poor. As an alternative to poor law workhouses, the institutions created and managed by Catholic women religious formed an integral part of the mixed economy of welfare in the nineteenth century.