雍正年间“开辟苗疆”对商业经济的影响

本文主要分析雍正年间“开辟苗疆”的商业经济影响。“苗疆”开辟后,打破了“生苗”地区的封闭状态,清水江和都柳江水运通道得以开通,形成了黔东南的交通网,依托“两江”的航运之利,黔东南木材贸易日趋繁荣;同时,清廷在黔东南置厅设卫,安插屯民,以及大量客民的流入,促使了农村场市的兴起;在与外界经济联系日益加强的背景下,一批商业城镇在“两江”沿岸兴起,初步构成黔东南地区的市场网络,共同推动了黔东南地区的商业化进程。     

赣南农村市场中的非正式制度与近代社会变迁

客家文化背景下的赣南农村市场的发展历史,既是经济发展的过程,又是社会发展的过程。从其建立到运作都深深地打上了宗族、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等非正式制度的烙印,体现了典型的客家传统社会结构的双层架构特点。赣南农村墟市中的非正式制度在近代社会变迁中,有的遭淘汰或受限制,有的则演变或延伸。但闭塞与顽固的非正式制度也是制约赣南农村市场近代化的一个重要因素,近代赣南农村市场的发展走入了后续中的困境,表现出滞后的特点,因而难以实现社会转型。     

关于上海旅游节发展的若干思考

节庆旅游的发展相当迅速,经济效益、化效益、社会效益都很明显。本综合评述旅游节庆的地位与作用,对上海旅游节的发展进行了SWOT分析,并根据实际情况提出若干对策。     

旅游经济转型升级进程中的市场主体论

随着旅游市场基础稳步向国民大众的日常消费回调以及资本、技术和人才对传统业态的改造,我国旅游经济正在进入全面深化改革、创新发展驱动和打造旅游经济升级版的关键时期。发现和培育新型市场主体,推动传统业态特别是国有旅游企业的现代化变革,从而确立企业在旅游经济运行中的市场主体地位,是政策设计的战略选项,也是构建当代旅游发展理论的学术支撑点。     

试析陈云关于利用国际市场的思想

新中国成立后,陈云在利用国际市场方面进行了积极的探索。建国初期,他主要是探索国际物资市场的规律,并逐步形成了外汇与物资平衡的思想;20世纪70年代,他提出要研究和利用资本主义,并将注意力从国际物资市场转向国际金融市场;改革开放后,他在继续提倡利用资本主义市场的同时。强调利用外资要保持清醒的头脑,要将引进工作与国内工作平衡好。陈云的这些关于利用国际市场的思想,成为各个时期中国共产党处理国内经济与对外经济关系的重要指导思想。     

人工神经网络：一种新的旅游市场需求预测系统

本探究了人工神经网络(ANN)作为一种新型的预测系统在旅游市场需求研究中的重要性,并指出：在对旅游需求进行预测时,人工神经网络较之多元回归分析方法适用范围更广,显性更强。     

ÉVOLUTION DE L'AGRICULTURE MARAÎCHÈRE AU QUÉBEC DE 1940 À 1990: SUPERFICIES,PRODUCTIONS ET DIVERSITÉ

Depuis plus d'un siècle, l'agriculture québécoise en général, et la production maraîchère en particulier, ont subi d'importantes transformations. Cette étude historique vise à comprendre comment la production maraîchère a évolué par rapport aux changements dans l'environnement décisionnel général de l'agriculture entre 1940 et 1990. L'analyse des données statiques de superficie, de production et de rendement pour 12 légumes ont permis d'identifier trois périodes, intercalées d'années transitoires, dans l'évolution de la production maraîchère référant chacune à une stratégie agricole particulière. La première (1940–1957) correspond à une stratégie agricole de type familial traditionnel; la seconde (1963–1975), à une agriculture marchande spécialisée fondée sur la maximisation des revenus à court terme par intensification; la troisième (1980–1990), à une agriculture marchande diversifiée fondée également sur une maximisation à court terme. Les facteurs externes de l'environnement décisionnel qui ont entraîné ces changements sont identifiés et discutès. For more than a century, Quebec agriculture in general, and market-gardening production in particular, have experienced important changes. This study, using a historical perspective, seeks to understand how market gardening evolved in relation to changes in the broad decision environment for agriculture between 1940 and 1990. Statistical analysis of data on the areas cultivated, production levels, and yields for 12 vegetable crops revealed three distinct periods, separated by periods of transition, in the evolution of market gardening. Each period is characterized by a particular type of agricultural development strategy. The first period (1940–1957) is characterized by a focus on the traditional family form; the second (1963–1975), by a specialized market agriculture driven by short-term income-maximization intensification; the third (1980–1990), by a diversified marketoriented agriculture, also based on short-term income maximization. External environmental factors that stimulated these changes are identified and discussed.     

Social capital determinants and labor market networks

We explore the links between determinants of social capital and labor market networks at the neighborhood level. We harness rich data taken from multiple sources, including matched employer–employee data with which we measure the strength of labor market networks, data on neighborhood homogeneity that has previously been tied to social capital, and new data—not previously used in the study of social capital—on the number and location of nonprofit sector establishments at the neighborhood level. We use a machine learning algorithm to identify the potential determinants of social capital that best predict neighborhood‐level variation in labor market networks. We find evidence suggesting that smaller and less centralized schools, and schools with fewer poor students, foster social capital that builds local labor market networks, as does a larger Republican vote share. The presence of establishments in a number of nonprofit‐oriented industries are identified as predictive of strong labor market networks, likely because they either provide public goods or facilitate social contacts. These industries include, for example, churches and other religious institutions, fire and rescue services including volunteer fire departments, country clubs and golf courses, labor unions, chamber music groups, hobby clubs, and schools.     

Informal housing,spatial structure,and city compactness

This paper develops a monocentric city model with a formal and an informal sector in the housing industry. While formal developers build houses renting land from landowners, informal developers use land for free. However, informal developers must incur defensive expenditures to avoid government intervention. In equilibrium, at any distance of the central business district (CBD), informal developers use land until the value of the marginal productivity of land equals the defensive expenditures per unit of land. The model shows the land allocated to produce short informal (tall formal) buildings increases (decreases) with distance to the CBD. Thus, the model introduces a new source of spatial variation of building height. The model also shows that a higher level of informal housing increases the spatial size of a city and reduces the height of its buildings.     

北京区县消费品零售市场差异探析

在探讨北京消费品零售市场总量变化的前提下,以吃、穿、用商品构成为出发点,利用集中化程度指数、聚类分析、回归分析等手段,着重分析区县市场的结构性变化,特别是近十几年来的发展趋势,以揭示在社会主义市场经济条件下,区域商品流通的特征,并提出有利市场发展的建议。