A Family Affair: The Dundas Family of Arniston and the Military Survey of Scotland (1747–1755)

ABSTRACT

This paper is the result of extensive investigation of the archives of the Dundas family of Arniston, Midlothian. It uncovers significant roles played in the organization of David Watson and William Roy's Military Survey of Scotland (1747–1755) by successive generations of the Dundases and suggests that the introduction of Watson, an established military engineer, to the young civilian Roy, was facilitated by that family. The Dundases' patronage of the Military Survey encourages us to understand the project as a private-public partnership and supports contentions that Enlightenment mapping resulted from complex social networks straddling military and civilian life.     

Sound maps matter: expanding cartophony

In this article I investigate online sound mapping practices, taking cartophony – the coming together of cartographic and sonic activities – as an important contribution to emerging ways of thinking and practicing mapping. I first develop a typology of approaches to cartophony, before moving on to reveal the normative tendencies of online combinations of sound and mapping through an analysis of three platforms: Freesound; audioBoom; and Radio Aporee. Showing how in different ways each of these platforms supports an approach to sound mapping that favours pinning high fidelity, indexical audio-recordings to a seemingly neutral base layer, I question what is glossed over through this approach, while also considering how visual and sound-based strategies for communicating about places illuminate and resonate with one another. Discussing some more experimental online sound maps, I highlight the value of such projects in their current form, and argue for the continued expansion of cartophonic practice.     

朱正元与《御览图》:晚清地图史的视角

许多翻译、改绘、新绘的中国海图在晚清出现,《御览江浙闽沿海图》(以下简称《御览图》)就是其中之一。已有研究对该图评价较高,但相关成果侧重制图技术的考辨,该图编纂的时代背景、朱正元在编纂中所担负的角色尚待厘清,而这些对于理解该图的历史地位同样至关重要。本文在考查《御览图》及其图说产生背景和经过后认为,正是在西方测绘技术的进步和清政府面临海上威胁背景下,洋务运动中兴起的西学教育培养了朱正元等测绘人才。而朱正元基于英版海图测绘和编纂的《御览图》融科学性和实用性于一体,是晚清作为中国海图由传统转向近代重要阶段的标志之一。     

明清地图中的“苗疆”与“生苗”

明清时期,湖南、贵州、广西等省区交界地带是尚未纳入王朝直接管辖之下的"生苗"聚居区,被称为"苗疆",属于明清王朝的"内在边疆"。明代中期以来,明廷在以湘西凤凰腊尔山为中心的苗疆地区设立卫所、营寨,修筑苗疆边墙,隔绝"生苗"和"熟苗",加强对内在边疆的控制。明嘉靖《麻阳图》和万历《楚边图说》表现并强化了"苗疆"的存在。清代苗疆内在地缘结构改变,黔东南、桂东北取代湘西成为"生苗"聚居中心,康熙、雍正初年的疆域图中绘有三块"生苗"空白区,标明了清王朝疆域内的"化外之地"和"内在边疆",反映了清王朝的"疆域观"和"族群观"。随着雍正朝经略西南、开拓苗疆和改土归流,清王朝国家权力的空白地带--"生苗"区域逐渐减少并被代之以正式的国家政区,作为"内在边疆"的苗疆最终消失于清王朝的版图之中。疆域图生动表现了清王朝统一的深化和国家的内在拓展。     

Baseline bioavailable strontium isotope values for the investigation of residential mobility and resource-acquisition strategies in prehistoric Cambodia

Strontium (Sr) isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) measured in human skeletal material can increase one's understanding of the residential behaviour and resource-acquisition strategies of past populations. The paper maps bioavailable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr variation in 183 plant and soil samples across Cambodia. Bioavailable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, as measured in plants, differs significantly between four major geological units. The data set will support future investigations of skeletal material from Cambodian archaeological sites. Baseline ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data should be applied judiciously to skeletal populations, and in concert with other lines of evidence, to identify potential geographical outliers rather than to ascribe specific locations from which individuals may have moved.     

基于深度学习的城市热点空间情绪感知评价——以上海市为例

基于新浪微博数据,借助深度学习方法分析上海市情绪空间分布特征,期望构建一套基于社交媒体签到数据的深度学习空间情绪感知评价方法。研究发现：①上海市热门签到地点集中分布在城市中心、交通枢纽、地铁沿线等区域。②积极情绪占比随着到市中心距离的增加呈下降趋势;人们的情绪与活动空间类型高度相关。③高等院校场所与负面情绪相关的物质空间要素多与建筑相关,办公场所的空间使用者最关注通勤问题,交通枢纽空间的管理流程和服务水平诱发了较多负面情绪。研究发现对于城市公共安全、公共卫生和设计管理的决策者有着重要启示。     

城市人口地图编制指导思想、原则及指标体系

城市人口地图是以城市为基本制图单元的人口地图。编制城市人口地图应遵循以下指导思想:城市是国家经济力量的主体.是独特的经济地域;城市是国家高知识密集地区和精神文明的重要载体;城市对提高人口文化素质具有重要战略意义。城市人口地图的编制原则为以下几方面:科学性、实用性与艺术性相结合;提高地图容量,增加载负量,突出差别;疏密适中,取舍有度;图面的配置合理,色彩协调;精益求精、一丝不苟。城市人口地图编制中应建立科学的指标体系。     

社区尺度认知地图扭曲的空间分析——基于首师大和北林大的个案研究

以首都师范大学和北京林业大学为例,利用标准方差椭圆方法讨论社区尺度上认知地图的扭曲分析,有四点结论:①社区尺度上的认知地图均为原始地图的缩小认知。但主导缩小方向与社区内部的主要道路网结构密切相关。②社区主干道和社区边界对认知地图的方向扭曲施加重要影响,发挥着定位基准线的作用。③社区尺度上各认知地点标准方差椭圆的长轴方向与空间定位基准线方向基本一致。④反映空间认知被试者差异性的各地点认知的标准方差椭圆面积与被试者对地点的熟悉程度有负向关系。     

试论建国初期广东侨批业管理政策

建国初期的侨批业是经营寄递海外华侨汇款及书信并收寄侨眷回执的私营行业。建国后随着解放军在华南地区军事上的顺利推进,包括侨批业管理在内的一系列重要政策在广东得以迅速制定和推行。在“便利侨汇”、“外汇归公,利益归私”原则的指导下,各项侨批业管理政策试图努力扭转侨批业长期奉行的经营服务方针,使之服从于国家经济建设大局,但由于管理政策自身作用有限以及社会经济实力恢复尚需时日,从新中国成立到朝鲜战争爆发之前,广东侨批业管理并未达到预期目的。     

Reflections on Recent Cognitive Behavioural Research with an Emphasis on Research in the United States of America

In this paper, I reflect on some of the more recent trends in cognitive behavioural research that includes work by geographers. In particular, I examine recent work on spatial decision‐making in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Environments, spatial cognition and human wayfinding behaviour, contributions to Geographic Information Science, and embellishing activity approaches that focus on episodic human behaviours. The paper emphasises that much of this research is multidisciplinary and that much of it is published in non‐geography journals. The paper concludes with some thoughts about future research directions, together with comments on how this research may influence the teaching and use of geographic concepts. ACRONYMS ATISAdvanced Traveller Information Systems CPMComputational Process Models CRTCathode Ray Tube DLDigital Library GISGeographic Information System GIScGeographic Information Science GPSGlobal Positioning Systems ITSIntelligent Transportation Systems UCSBUniversity of California Santa Barbara VEVirtual Environments