HISTORICAL MEANINGFULNESS IN SHARED ACTION

Why should past occurrences matter to us as such? Are they in fact meaningful in a specifically historical way, or do they only become meaningful in being connected to other sorts of meaning—political or speculative, for example—as many notable theorists imply? Ranke and Oakeshott affirmed a purely historical meaningfulness but left its nature unclear. The purpose of this essay is to confirm historical meaningfulness by arguing that our commanding practical interest in how we share action with other actors is distinctively engaged by presumed information about past occurrences. We recognize that past occurrences have determined the conditions of action sharing, constraining our practice with regard to which actors we share practical reality with and which compounding actions we may or must join in progress.     

华侨房屋权益保护的法律思考：问题与对策

论文以厦门市内侨房处理中的法律问题及现实问题为例,结合现行《物权法》的相关原则及规定,对被改造、征收的华侨房屋之“一房两制”问题、“两权分离”问题、华侨信托代管房之清退问题以及城市侨房的拆迁补偿问题等,进行了分析研究,并提出了相应的法律对策。主要观点有：华侨房屋的所有人对自己享有所有权的房屋具有完全的权利,必须受到《物权法》的保护;因历史原因被“错改”的华侨房屋应当退还给业主,但根据当时的政策规定,对华侨的非住宅房屋,国家已进行了赎买或者改造的房屋,所有权为国家所有,不存在退还产权问题;政府机构对确定为华侨的房屋应主动退还给所有人;对已经拆迁的房屋应当按照法律规定进行补偿;《物权法》规定了财产平等保护的规则,因此华侨房屋权益优先保护的观念和处理方式不再符合《物权法》的规定。     

如何改变初中作文教学现状的一些探索

初中作文教学有与其他学习阶段不同的特点,这个阶段,激发学生作文兴趣是关键,引导学生关注生活,并能写出他们喜闻乐见的生活是要点,老师不能只是夸夸其谈,须与学生一起动手,与学生真诚的沟通与交流,在作文评讲时最好是设定教学目标,并考虑到学生学习能力和水平的现状,提出恰当的要求,训练点要小,效果才能突出。     

‘The invisible chain’: Jeremy Bentham and neo-liberalism

ABSTRACT

Bentham's thought cannot be reduced to the usual oppositions between ‘natural freedom’ and government interference. For Bentham, freedom in a political society is determined by the existence of a legal system that creates obligations for some people and rights for others. The government's task does not directly consist in respecting a sacred natural right, but aims at producing the ‘arrangements’ that are to direct the interests of the greatest number towards beneficial goals for the community as a whole. The legislator is to know, form and guide the individual interests. For this purpose, he has to summon public opinion in order to control individual action. On this point, we should reiterate, contrary to what Michel Foucault contended, that the main form of power in modern society is not exerted by a central state, but by each individual on others. That is the meaning of a very important idea in Bentham's theory, which appears in his writings on indirect legislation under the metaphor of the ‘invisible chain’. The habit of watching and judging others in the permanent Public Opinion Tribunal is the best way to learn self-discipline. Bentham's ideal is the self-government of individuals by the calculation of pleasures and pains.     

江陵天星观一号楚墓出土饱水木漆器F455中细菌对硬松木的腐蚀研究

研究木质文物中的细菌对木材腐蚀性影响,筛选防腐剂抑制腐蚀性强细菌的腐蚀作用,是延长木质文物保存期的一种有效的生物保护措施。为研究饱水木漆器F455及其水环境中细菌的种类,以及对木材的腐蚀程度,采用16S rRNA基因序列分析方法及生理生化试验,对饱水木漆器F455及水环境中细菌进行鉴定,并选取典型菌按5×10~8个/瓶菌量接种马尾松心材(悬于无菌自来水中),37℃培养120d,测试木材的损失率。结果发现,从F455文物挑选的32株细菌中,有29株菌鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),为优势菌属,其余为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)和产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)各1株。水样样品中细菌菌属较F455文物样品中丰富,27株菌有9个属,其中短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)有9株,为优势菌属,其余交替赤细菌属(Altererythrobacter)有5株,短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)有4株,产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)有3株,黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)有2株,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、白色杆菌属(Leucobacter)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)各1株。从2种样品材料的分离菌中共挑选出14株典型菌进行木块腐蚀试验,与对照组比较,其中有9株菌差异极显著。说明这些菌对马尾松木材有一定的腐蚀作用,但是腐蚀率非常低,最高仅1.56%。表明这些细菌对试验木材马尾松腐蚀并不严重。该研究分析了饱水木漆器长期保存在水槽中细菌对木漆器的影响,丰富了饱水木漆器文物生物影响的理论依据。     

论古文字通假的文献释证法

破古文字通假,形音义释读在上下文中得以密合,是第一步的基础性工作,之后必须具备文献求证的实验过程。文献求证如何有效地进行,是古文字考释的方法论问题。本文以王辉《古文字通假字典》(2008年)为举证范围,从所据文献之有效度的强弱入手,将古文字通假的文献释证法分作六种类型依次加以论述。     

Bearing True Witness

Abstract

This research article analyzes the aspirations and likely outcomes of the Christian right in terms of educational policy in America. The main source of data for this analysis draws from 13 source-protected interviews with directors of state-level Christian right organizations. A semi-structured, elite interviewing approach was utilized. The qualitative data demonstrates that the American Christian right is divided, organizationally, between those who identify with Republican party politics versus those who approach the political process more independently. The author shows that for the Christian right, education is a peripheral issue rather than a central one. Consequently, the Christian right will likely be unable to turn its political objectives into actual policy gains in terms of public education.     

Mortality differences according to marital status among men and women in Kuwait

Higher mortality among unmarried persons compared with currently married ones has been reported in many previous studies. There is paucity of such studies in developing countries. We analysed the association between marital status and mortality in Kuwait, an oil-rich Gulf Muslim country. Data were obtained from the Public Authority for Civil Information that has maintained a linked record database of population characteristics with death notifications since 2005. Deaths during 2005–2010 were aggregated for the analysis. Age-specific death rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated according to marital status (married, never married, divorced and widowed), age (15–49, 50–64 and 65+), gender, and nationality (Kuwaiti vs. non-Kuwaiti). Among Kuwaiti nationals, the SMRs for widowed, divorced, and never married were 1.75, 1.68 and 1.15 compared to the married. Higher mortality was found among unmarried men and women at almost all ages. These findings may be indicative of considerable public health problems such as higher disability and depression among the unmarried.     

Trends and Implications of Delayed and Non-Marriage in Korea

Korea has experienced marital transition since the 1920s, but recent data reveal rapid changes in marital behaviour and norms. Analysts usually relate these to the second fertility transition, fast growing gender equality, economic developments, and ideational changes, pointing to the necessity of understanding the process of change in marital behaviour in the context of societal transformation as well as demographic transition. With this background in mind, this paper constructs refined measures, such as age-specific first marriage rates and total first marriage rates, for different time periods and for different cohorts to present a clearer picture of marriage trends. The results are then examined in relation to various social and demographic factors, a procedure which provides an indirect check on the validity and usefulness of the method.     

Tu m'as repondu

ABSTRACT

Literal biblical interpretation advocates the view that at the outset of the paradise story Adam and Eve were only banned to eat of the tree of knowledge. The present paper challenges this view through an economic, ra-tional choice interpretation and the application of a self-interested decision calculus (model of economic man). I mount the thesis that, on grounds of a rational choice reconstruction, Adam and Eve must have been implicitly banned from the outset not to eat of the tree of life, despite no explicit ban be-ing stated in Genesis. The paper argues for the validity and insightfulness of such a rational choice analysis of the paradise story, which considerably clari-fies the conceptual logic and structure of the Eden story.