Settlement patterns,social complexity and agricultural strategies during the Chalcolithic period in the Northern Negev,Israel

Previous studies have reported a Chalcolithic site distribution pattern in the Northern Negev as clustered, exhibiting a number of characteristics that imply a chiefdom level of organization. However, a recent spatial analysis suggests that in some areas of the Northern Negev, settlement patterns were essentially random and that there is no evidence for regional chiefdom organization. We examine this controversy by closely inspecting the methods of spatial analyses employed by previous researchers, by introducing an additional multiscalar spatial technique, namely Ripley's K-function, and by using updated and modified data. Our results indicate that settlement distributions were essentially clustered, even in small areas along the wadis. Examining the relation between these spatial-dependent distributions and the landscape surroundings revealed that particular physiographic characteristics of the wadis contribute to increscent in site clusters. Furthermore, a general linear model analysis suggests that the distribution of Chalcolithic sites is determined primarily by environmental factors rather than factors related to political organization.     

The hunted hunter: the capture of a lion (Panthera leo fossilis) at the Gran Dolina site,Sierra de Atapuerca,Spain

Many Pleistocene caves and rock shelters contain evidence of carnivore and human activities. For this reason, it is common to recover at these sites faunal remains left by both biological agents. In order to explain the role that carnivores play at the archaeological sites it is necessary to analyse several elements, such as the taxonomical and skeletal representation, the age profiles, the ratio of NISP to MNI, the anthropogenic processing marks on the carcasses (location and purpose of cutmarks and burning and bone breakage patterns), carnivore damage (digested bones, location and frequencies of toothmarks and bone breakage), length of the long bones, frequencies of coprolites and vertical distribution of the faunal remains, inter alia. From this, the documentation of carnivores in a faunal assemblage with a clear anthropogenic component can be understood from three main phenomena: (1) the carnivores as accumulators and the use of the site as a den; (2) carnivores as scavengers of hominid refuse and; (3) carnivores as hominids’ prey. Of these three phenomena, the last one is the least documented at the Middle Pleistocene sites. From this perspective, here we present the case of the anthropogenic use of a lion (Panthera leo fossilis) from level TD10-1 of Gran Dolina (MIS 9, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). The lion bone remains show signs of direct interaction between this big cat and human groups that occupied Gran Dolina in these chronologies. From this perspective, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the role developed by large carnivores in the anthropogenic contexts and to provide data on human use of these predators at the European Middle Pleistocene sites.     

Difficulties and Strategies in the Teaching of CET-3 English Writing for Vocational Colleges

CET-3 (College English Test Band 3) in Zhejiang Province adds English writing part to the new syllabus and therefore to develop strong English writing skills in vocational colleges students becomes one of the important tasks of vocational colleges in English teaching.This paper analyzes the difficulties in the teaching of CET-3 English writing at vocational colleges and proposes teaching strategies to improve students’ level of English writing.     

先秦诸子民生思想研究

先秦诸子的民生思想反映了社会大变革时期民生凋敝的现实图景。他们的民生观虽然角度不同,但无不充满着对劳动人民的深切同情和关怀。道家的自然生态民生思想、儒家的重民民生思想、墨家的利民民生思想以及法家的法治民生思想分别代表了先秦诸子时代民生思想的主要特征。     

做好初高中数学衔接教学的建议

由于在高中阶段学生的兴趣爱好、智力因素、学习习惯的优劣、个人意志和毅力等非智力因素的作用都会逐步显现,随着学习的深入,数学成绩的分化是必然的,成绩在落后的同学会与初中比较,原来在班上是前几名,现在是后几名,精神压力很大,处理不好对以后学习影响较大。高中数学有十几章内容,高一数学主要是函数,有些同学函数学得不怎么好,但高二立体几何、解析几何却能学得不错,因此,一定要用变化的观点对待学生。鼓励和自信是永不失效的教育法宝。     

Platform cache encampments: Implications for mobility strategies and the earliest ancestral Apaches

Abstract

The Hormiguero site is a large mountainside Apache residential site in the Peloncillo Mountains of southern Arizona that lies in the heart of historically documented Chiricahua Apache territory. It represents an encampment at an important caching location, a category of residential site that has not been previously described archaeologically. Ethnographic data are enlisted to understand this unique type of Apache residential site and a previously unknown cache form—the platform cache. Archaeological evidence is combined from a number of sites with caches like those at Hormiguero to interpret aspects of cultural identity and chronology including the presence of ancestral Apaches in southern Arizona as early as the 14th century a.d.     

Adaptation and foraging from the Terminal Pleistocene to the Early Holocene: Excavation at Bubog on Ilin Island,Philippines

Abstract

The recently discovered human remains from Callao Cave, northern Luzon, Philippines securely date the migration of hominins into the Philippines to ca. 70 kya (thousands of years ago). The direct route to reach Luzon from the Asian mainland is via Borneo, Palawan, through Mindoro and into Luzon. Our research focuses on Mindoro Island as a potential stepping stone to the main Philippine Archipelago. While Palawan and Luzon have produced evidence for early human occupation, no systematic research on the prehistory of Mindoro has been conducted until now. We report on recent archaeological investigations at the Bubog rockshelter sites on the small island of Ilin just off the coast of Mindoro. The excavations produced evidence of stratified sequences of human habitation at the two rockshelter sites in the form of dense shell middens that date to ca. 11 kya onwards. They provide direct evidence on how variability in landscape formation, sea levels, and landmass during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene influenced the behavior of early human populations. Numerous species of molluscs were recorded and provisional results indicate variations in the invertebrate faunas throughout the stratigraphic sequences, resulting from sea level rise and the establishment of coral reefs between Ilin and Mindoro at the end of the Pleistocene. Our results contribute substantially to our understanding of the processes of human island adaptation, complement ongoing research into Island Southeast Asia’s paleogeography, and enhance current knowledge of prehistoric subsistence strategies across the region.     

改革开放以来中国县级以上政区名称变更及其问题探讨

自1978年始,为了发挥中心城市带动周围农村的作用,国家行政体制作出了重要改革,实行市领导县体制。随之各级行政区的数量、名称和范围发生了较大的变化。本文以1978-2007年国家民政部统计数字为准,对改革开放30年来,中国县级以上行政区域名称的变更进行了统计分析与研究,揭示了政区通名和专名的变更特点及影响因素,指出更名中存在的主要问题,最后提出县级以上行政区域名称的变更的对策和建议。     

台资企业台籍人员职业倦怠、休闲调适策略与休闲知觉自由关系之研究

本文以广州市台资企业台籍人员为例,通过实证研究探讨职业倦怠、休闲调适策略与休闲知觉自由三者间的关系及不同产业型态受试者程度表现的差异性。研究主要结果表明,职业倦怠与休闲知觉自由呈显著负相关;职业倦怠与休闲调适策略呈显著正相关;休闲调适策略除与休闲知觉自由呈显著正相关外,同时对职业倦怠与休闲知觉自由的影响关系具有显著的中介调节效果。此外,技术制度企业群聚区台籍人员的职业倦怠与休闲调适程度相对低于传统劳力企业群聚区台籍人员,而在休闲知觉自由程度方面则相对高于传统劳力企业群聚区台籍人员。研究成果对于台资企业健全台籍人员工作与休闲生活管理机制具有一定的参考价值。     

黄土高原半城镇化农民非农生计稳定性及收入差异分析

半城镇化农民是城镇化的主要对象,其非农生计的稳定性对城镇化的顺利实现具有决定性作用。半城镇化农民的受雇单位性质和从事的具体职业对其非农生计稳定性具有重要影响。在对已有研究的总结和实地调研的基础上,将半城镇化农民的非农生计按照受雇单位性质和具体职业进行分类。根据专家打分问卷和典型人群调查结果,建立了不同受雇单位性质下的具体职业稳定性等级体系,并对榆阳区、原州区和宝塔区的半城镇化农民非农生计稳定性状况进行了实证评价。结果表明,黄土高原半城镇化农民的非农生计稳定性等级普遍很低,低等级类比重都在60%以上。城镇化提高了半城镇化农民的收入水平,但不同稳定性非农生计之间的收入情况差异很大。建立城乡居民同工同酬制度和提高福利保障是推进半城镇化农民城镇化的重要举措。