明代琉璃陶烧造初论

古代的琉璃陶是中国陶瓷史上一个重要的品种,而明代的琉璃陶更是记录当时皇家建筑历史的重要见证,也是当时一个烧造较多、风格独特的重要陶器品种。几十年来,随着考古工作的深入进行,发现了大量明代琉璃陶文物和资料。本研究以明代琉璃陶烧造为主要内容,从考古发现和历史文献两个角度,对明代宫廷和藩王使用建筑用琉璃陶及陪葬使用琉璃陶俑、民间使用琉璃陶人像以及琉璃陶相关器物进行综合性叙述和梳理,也对明代琉璃陶的一些相关问题进行了研究。     

Study on the Material and Manufacturing Technology of Different Types of Longquan Ware Imitations from Dapu Kiln of Guangdong Province in the Ming Dynasty of China (ad 1368–1644)

Research on ancient Longquan wares and their imitations has attracted considerable attention. Using a series of experimental methods, including micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), polarizing microscopy (PLM), dilatometry (DIL) and spectrophotometery, different samples of Longquan imitations from Dapu in Guangdong Province were collected and analysed. The study of different types of celadon from the Dapu kiln factories shows that the pale yellow body had a higher TFe₂O₃ content, and the body material must therefore have been treated differently or have come from a different source. The SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents in the body can be used as auxiliary parameters to identify Longquan wares and its imitations. The study also found that both kinds of glaze recipe—including calcium–alkali glaze and alkali–calcium glaze—existed in the Dapu products, which suggested that while imitating Longquan ware, the potters in Dapu also showed innovation in the recipe for the glaze material. Moreover, there were some differences in the TFe₂O₃ content, as well as the size, number and distribution of bubbles in the different types of glaze. Finally, the study revealed that the material of both the saggars and separators were composed of another porcelain clay, different from that of the celadon body. In addition, the white and compact body of the celadon had a higher firing temperature, of 1140–1187 °C, compared with other types of wares, which had a lower firing temperature of 1050–1080 °C.     

An archaeometric study of the Konya basin metallic ware through FTIR and XRD analysis with chemometrics: Central Anatolian Early Bronze Age ceramics

Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and chemometrics were used to characterize the mineralogical composition and firing conditions of 59 Early Bronze Age ceramic sherds from the Konya Plain (Turkey). These include the Konya Basin Metallic Ware (KBMW) and a control group of contemporary local products. The analysis indicates significant differences in mineral inclusions and firing temperatures, with KBMW generally being fired above 800°C and characterized by standardized fabric recipes. Assessed together with other published evidence, these results indicate a high degree of specialization in the production of KBMW ceramic assemblages in central Anatolia during the third millennium BCE.     

Archaeometric investigation of pottery from funerary gifts in Kal-e Chendar,Shami (Khuzestan,Iran)

Thirty fragments of red slip, glazed, common and cooking ware from Hellenistic and Parthian tombs at Kal-e Chendar in Shami (Iran) were investigated. Petrographic assemblage and chemometric evaluation of chemical data collected most samples in a large cluster, suggesting a common provenance, even in a quite wide area which includes Izeh plain and lowland Susiana, and underlining the presence of smaller very distinguished groupings. Surface finishing layers (both glazes and red slips) showed a high degree of alteration of their morphological features. Blue glazes are typical plant-ash, with copper as a colouring agent.     

20世纪上半叶龙泉瓷业生产形态

20世纪上半叶,龙泉的制瓷业虽几近颓废,但仍变换产品谋求生存,终使传统行业得以延续和传承。本文以详实的调查材料,从作坊的基本模式、生产经营、行规习俗及瓷业组织等方面考察了20世纪上半叶龙泉瓷业的生产形态。     

出土中国古代漆膜干缩翘曲分析及在修复粘接中问题的讨论

运用基础理论知识和显微红外光谱等分析实验方法对生漆漆膜的形成及降解进行了分析,探讨漆膜的降解与年代及埋藏环境等因素的关系,并根据理论分析的结果结合工作经验对防止出土漆膜的收缩起翘及已破裂的漆膜的修复粘接等问题进行了讨论。     

基于X射线断层扫描技术的金漆葫芦式盒工艺研究

对漆器文物的内在结构及表面漆层的观察分析,是研究文物病害形成原因和传统制作工艺的重要途径。通过X射线成像技术,可在不损伤文物的情况下,观察文物内在的纹理结构,分析其原工艺制作方法。故本研究通过对文物X射线图像进行解析,分析金漆漆盒的胎体结构和文物的伤况成因,并对比文献记载中漆器胎底制作的差异性,尝试通过重构3D模型图片的方式直观展现文物木胎结构。研究漆器制作工艺和表层病害,有利于分析漆器文物制作工艺对文物病害的影响。相关的研究成果在日后文物保护中可以有针对性地用于分析文物伤况并制定科学严谨的修复方案,还可为以后的文物研究和工艺分析提供资料。     

常见丙烯酸酯乳液加固脆弱考古出土漆膜的实验室研究

以常用的丙烯酸酯乳液AC33、B60A、MC76、SF016作为脆弱考古出土漆膜的加固剂,利用静态热机械分析仪微损、精确的特点,对加固前后漆膜的弯曲强度进行测试。根据漆膜应力应变的提升程度,对4种加固剂的保护效果进行量化评价。结合扫描电镜观察漆膜表面和剖面加固前后的孔洞、裂隙填充情况以及加固剂成膜状态,揭示其加固特点。结果发现,加固后漆膜的应力提高了56%～3 511%,应变提高了103%～3 876%,其中质量分数为20%的AC33增强效果最好,20%的B60A增韧效果最好,MC76和SF016加固效果相对较差。20%是4种加固剂的最佳使用质量浓度,此时漆膜孔洞和裂隙被完全填充,加固剂在漆膜表面形成连续的薄膜且不过量堆积。本研究将静态热机械分析仪用于极端脆弱考古出土漆膜的残余力学强度测试和加固剂保护效果的量化评估,探讨4种典型丙烯酸酯乳液对漆膜机械强度提升的规律特征,获得了较好的结果,将为考古出土糟朽漆器保护修复遴选加固剂提供科学参考。     

湖北随州枣树林墓地青铜器表面纹饰的填彩分析

春秋时期青铜器表面装饰技术发展迅速,装饰方法多样,纹样繁复,纹饰中多有填彩现象以凸显其表面图案的装饰性,但目前与此相关的科技分析较少——相关研究多围绕其艺术价值和文化含义展开,尤其是白色填彩的分析仍处于空白。湖北随州枣树林墓地是春秋时期诸侯国曾国的一处高等级贵族墓地,出土了大量的青铜器。本研究使用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜-能谱、X射线衍射和热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用等手段,对该墓地出土青铜器表面纹饰阴线中的白色填充物质进行分析,结果表明其主要成分为石英和某种黏土矿物混合而成。该研究为东周时期青铜器表面纹饰的填彩工艺提供了新的证据,可为相关研究提供借鉴。     

商周时期圈足铜器的三角形加强筋技术浅析

商周时期青铜器上的三角形加强筋技术主要用于觚、尊、簋、卣、壶、瓿、盘等圈足器的底部与圈足连接处,纵向延伸,上端较粗,承接铜器外底,下端向下延伸逐渐变细,多为等距或对称分布。加强筋的大小、数量多少的设置,根据器形因器而异,铜觚器体修长,圈足较高,加强筋多为2条或4条,纵向延伸较长,而铜簋、方彝等,底部面积较大,圈足粗矮,加强筋数量相对较多,纵向延伸较短。三角形加强筋技术起源于商代早期郑州商城陶鼎、铜鼎鼎耳与口沿连接处采用的加强筋技术,商代晚期至西周早期比较盛行,延用至春秋早期。商代晚期圈足铜器上使用较多,但又不仅限于圈足器,部分带鋬器,如爵、斝等,鋬的两端与鋬下腹壁连接处也有发现。其功能在于防止铸件连接处因凝固收缩的应力作用而出现裂纹,强化圈足器器底与圈足之间连接。