Studies On Lacquerwares from Between the Mid‐Warring States Period and the Mid‐Western Han Dynasty Excavated in the Changsha Region

The development of lacquerwares reached its peak between the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty (390–87 bc ) in the Changsha region of China. By studying excavated fragments of lacquers from this period, this paper examines the constitution of various pigmented layers, such as red, black and white layers, coloured lacquer layers, namely reddish brown or reddish orange, dark‐coloured or black, and silver lacquer layers, using non‐destructive methods. In addition, the characteristics of lacquer production techniques in Changsha are also discussed in comparison with those of other regions in China during the same period of time.     

故宫博物院旧藏漆器文物中漆灰材质的科学研究

漆灰的修复是漆器文物修复工作的重要组成部分。为揭示故宫博物院旧藏漆器3种典型漆灰的材料构成及特点,以及为漆器修复工作提供科技支持,研究结合X射线荧光光谱、微区X射线衍射、红外光谱、纤维显微镜观测、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用等技术,综合分析了3种典型漆灰所含无机及有机原材料。研究结果表明：明代古梅花蕉叶式琴漆灰所用无机材料是动物角灰或骨灰及少量黏土,胶结材料则由中国大漆及少量植物油组成;清代黑漆描金大宝座漆灰的无机材料为含有方解石的黏土,胶结材料为熟桐油、猪血的混合物,此外,样品中还含有麻类纤维,为宝座木胎与漆灰层之间所裱麻布,宝座漆灰不但能提供平整髹漆表面,而且还对麻布有加固定型作用;清代黑漆地填金字张廷玉书圣训天伦对联漆灰的无机材料为黏土,胶结材料则为熟桐油、猪血的混合物。研究所用分析方法体系可实现漆灰原材料,特别是有机胶结材料的准确识别。3种典型漆灰的选材特点与中国古代漆器,特别是明清时期家具、器物制作用料传统相吻合,研究结果可直接应用于漆器文物修复方案的制定。     

永乐款漆器

明代是中国古代漆工艺发展史上的高峰期,而永乐漆器又是明代漆器中的佼佼者,工艺水平达到了较高的成就。本文对永乐款漆器产生的条件、取得的成就、款识、漆包、品种、图案特点等进行了分析和较全面的评述。     

盱眙大云山汉墓出土夹纻胎漆器保护前期研究

为了了解大云山汉墓出土夹纻胎漆器制作工艺,对漆片进行了含水率分析,基本都在60%以上;进行了厚度分析,总壁厚为2~3mm,纻胎厚为1.5~2.5mm,两面的漆层厚约为0.1~0.5mm;采用傅里叶红外光谱分析法对红色、黑色漆膜进行了分析,确定为传统的中国生漆,不含桐油;采用扫描电镜观察及能谱分析,红色漆膜为含有朱砂的大漆,黑色漆膜颜料为含铁化合物的大漆,为传统的漆器制作工艺。此研究有利于大云山漆器后续的科学保护修复。     

The Faragola Ceramic Collection: Ceramic Production,Consumption and Exchange in Seventh‐Century Apulia

A collection of 30 ceramic samples, 16 of coarse wares and 14 of fine painted wares, have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Further samples of clayey sediments, both locally outcropping and found within the settling tank, have been submitted to the same analytical techniques for comparison with the ceramic collection. The results demonstrated that local clayey sediments were used as received for the production of coarse wares. The same raw materials were sieved and/or refined by decantation for the production of fine painted wares, which, in fact, provided results that were perfectly comparable with those for the clayey raw materials found within the settling tank. The Faragola productions were distinguished from the neighbouring Apulian productions according to petrographic features (the presence of leucite‐bearing volcanic rocks and Mn‐rich wads) and their bulk chemical composition.     

中国南方地区宋元时期的仿古青铜器

在中国南方地区曾发现过多处宋元时期窖藏,并出土过数量可观的仿古青铜器;这些窖藏大都有相关的纪年,而且其中某些仿古青铜器本身就带有制作年号,提供了宋元仿古青铜器重要特征的识别依据,甚至可作为它们断代的标尺。本文即从这些有一定代表性的,且来源途径可信的出土仿古青铜器着手,以考古类型学的方法,梳理分析其特点。以期对传世的宋元以后仿古青铜器的断代提供参考。     

漆木竹器霉害问题的预防性保护研究

对漆木竹器的霉害问题,应从预防性保护理念出发.坚持文物保护的最小干预和安全性、科学性等原则,从环境、微生物两方面着手,开展防霉材料和环境的研究,尽快摸索出适合馆藏漆木竹器防霉治霉的针对性强、效率高的新方法,最大限度地保护珍贵文物的价值,延长文物的使用寿命.     

对秦兵马俑彩绘保护技术的思考与建议

秦陶俑彩绘保护是秦始皇陵保护的重点和难点。对秦兵马俑目前的现状进行全面介绍的基础上分析了损坏的原因,指出损坏是由历史、力学以及物理化学等原因共同造成。然后详细评价了PEG200和聚氨酯(PU)乳液联合处理的保护方法与单体材料渗透、电子束辐照固化(EB)的保护方法,并指出了这两种技术的优势及所存在的问题;还介绍了一些辅助加固技术并详细介绍了冷冻干燥法、盐溶液干燥法以及室温干燥法的原理和操作;之后提出了加固剂制备与陶俑保护一体化的设想、均匀场的设想以及稳定生漆层的设想。     

高级醇加固饱水木器的可逆性实验

为了给已加固饱水木器文物留下再处理的空间,本研究对高级醇加固的饱水木器进行了可逆性实验。高级醇加固漆木器文物是利用甲醇具有较强的渗透性和亲水性,置换出木材中的水分子,然后再以硬脂醇置换甲醇,使失水后的木材纤维细胞壁得到加固。可逆性实验是使已加固饱水木器重新回到饱水状态。通过控制环境温度,利用硬脂醇与甲醇共溶原理,改变置换溶液的浓度,用甲醇置换出其器物内的硬脂醇,再用水置换出甲醇,水又重新替代了降解木材的原有空间。实验结果显示,硬脂醇属于“可逆”性加固材料。该方法保护加固原理及工艺简单,并且加固时间短、资金投入少、保护加固设备要求不高,因此对抢救漆木器文物具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

High precision isotopic analyses of lead ores from New Mexico by MC-ICP-MS: implications for tracing the production and exchange of Pueblo IV glaze-decorated pottery

Between ca. 1275 and 1700 CE, Pueblo groups in the northern Southwest United States produced and exchanged ceramic bowls decorated with lead-based glaze paints. Previous studies of these glaze-decorated bowls have used lead isotopic analysis by ICP-MS to identify the sources of lead used by Pueblo potters, and investigate how social or economic factors may have influenced resource use among different Pueblo communities (e.g. 13 and 14; Huntley et al., 2007; Huntley, 2008). However, interpretations of much of this isotopic data have remained provisional because of overlap among the isotopic ratios of potential sources and because the isotopic composition of many glaze paints do not clearly match any known source. Here, we use multi-collector ICP-MS to re-measure the lead isotopic composition of 48 samples of lead sulfide (galena) and lead carbonate (cerussite) from sources in New Mexico that were potentially utilized by Pueblo potters, including mines within the Cerrillos Hills, Magdalena, Hansonburg, and Joyita Hills mining districts. These results define the isotopic composition of lead ores from these districts with greater precision and accuracy than achieved in previous studies and better distinguish among these mining districts in lead isotope space. Most significantly, we find that galena mineralization within the Cerrillos Hills only has a modest degree of isotopic variation, with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios from 18.508 to 18.753, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios from 15.580 to 15.607, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios from 38.388 to 38.560. These ranges are far narrower than previously reported, and should supersede previously published values for this district. In total, we conclude that isotopic measurements of both ores and glaze paints made by MC-ICP-MS will provide new information about the provenance of lead in glaze paints and allow for more detailed interpretations about resource procurement and exchange in the Pueblo world.