Metal Ties in Genoa,Italy: Manufacture,Trade, and Use from the 15th to the 18th Century

The article deals with the use of metal ties in an ancient and stratified urban context, the city of Genoa, starting from the notarial documents preserved in its State Archives. The work has different objectives: to show the results that can be obtained, on an urban scale, thanks to a research path that compares indirect sources of different types with the observation of historical buildings; to highlight the “weight” and the role that the ties, often hidden, had in buildings, and not only the monumental ones; to increase knowledge of the production process of this constructive element. The wide and diversified use of metal ties found in Genoa seems to proceed in parallel, in the 15th century, with the development of a flourishing productive and mercantile business based on the commercial monopoly of the hematite of the island of Elba by the city oligarchy and, between the 16th and 17th centuries, with the huge investments in the construction sector highlighted by the abundant documentary sources.     

几枚传世花纹钢剑的初步考察

本文主要介绍了数枚传世花纹钢剑的外部形态和花纹特征,并对其制作年代作了一些推测.这些剑的基本特点是表面带有自然花纹和难锈难蚀.花纹的基本形态有旋罗纹、半罗纹、斗箕纹、组丝纹、搅丝纹等;花纹的颜色有金黄色、银白色、浅灰色、褐黄色等.从多方面情况推测,它们很可能是元代生产的,最初的主人应是直接掌管花纹钢生产的政府官员.其中的许多工艺今已失传.类似的花纹钢剑以往尚未见于报道,国内学者的有关研究亦鲜.     

汉代大铁官管理职官的再研究

本文通过对汉代铁官铭的系统研究,总结出铁官铭及职官的规律。同时根据铁官的省称与编号的规律,推论出未曾发现铁官铭的铁官作坊的职官形式,进而从具体作坊职官形式,推论汉代整个大铁官体系。     

Identification of surface dyeing agents of two bookbinding leathers from 19th-century Qajar,Iran, using LC–MS, μXRF and FTIR spectroscopy

Identifying tanning and dyeing agents of historical leathers is one of the less studied subjects. Therefore, this study aims to distinguish the surface dyeing agent of historical leathers along with the tanning agents. It helps to better understand the leather-making process of past centuries. For this purpose, two Iranian historical bookbinding leathers belonging to the Qajar era were investigated. The tannins were examined by ferric spot test and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy after being extracted from the leather corium layer. ATR-FTIR and μXRF spectroscopy were also used to study the characteristics of the leathers' surface, in both grain and corium layers. LC–MS was also used to analyze the extracts taken from the surface of the leather samples. The results showed the corium layer of leathers has a significant number of hydrolysable tannins, especially gallotannins, as tanning agents. The characteristics of their FTIR spectra are significantly similar to those of sumac. LC–MS results showed the presence of ellagic acid, as an indicator analyte, on the surface of the leathers. It indicates that tannin-rich plants, such as oak, have been used for dyeing these leathers. Investigation of the structural properties of the grain and corium layers also revealed the accumulation of copper and iron on the surface of the leathers. Accordingly, copper and iron, which reacted with tannins to give a black color, were the main dyeing factor used in both historical leather samples.     

有机-无机杂化物在铁质文物保护中的应用研究

常用的铁质文物表面保护材料性能尚需完善,其与材料科学发展的关系甚密。有机-无机杂化物是材料学领域的新兴产物,它能将有机物和无机物的性能融为一体或赋予其新的性能。本工作根据溶胶-凝胶法的基本原理制备出一种有机广无机杂化物MT,经过盐雾加速腐蚀测试、电化学测试等大量模拟、对比实验,证明该文物保护剂能够有效减缓铁质文物的腐蚀,并解释了其封护保护原理。     

从营销环境看近代中国第一个铁厂的破产

洋务运动时期,贵州当地政府在镇远创办了中国最早的近代化重工业企业——青溪铁厂。然而,由于营销环境的缺失,青溪铁厂创办不久即以失败告终。     

唐至元代墓葬中出土的铁牛铁猪

铁牛、铁猪出现在两京地区的晚唐墓葬中,在墓葬中的位置一般是墓室的“丑亥”二位。而宋元墓葬中出土的形制、数量、位置以及出现区域发生了一些变化。在此基础上,本文结合文献论述了铁牛、铁猪的“压胜”性质和镇墓、驱邪作用。     

故宫室外铁质文物封护剂评价方法研究

封护材料对于保护铁质文物具有重要意义。本工作以灵沼轩建筑钢板锈层为参照点,将实验基体表面状态分为:无锈光洁表面,喷砂除锈表面,锈蚀未处理表面。对不同表面的试样封护处理后进行实验室加速腐蚀老化,对其保护效果进行评价研究。研究结果表明:初步建立的一套封护剂工艺流程评价体系可以综合地、全面地、定量地区分铁质文物表面封护剂耐久性、防护性能的优劣;利用初步建立的评价体系,对有关厂家为故宫灵沼轩提供的三种封护剂氟橡胶(GA)、氟硅橡胶(有机硅涂覆试样后再涂覆硅橡胶)(GB)和氟硅橡胶(单宁酸擦洗试样后涂覆氟硅橡胶)(GC)进行筛选,在第二阶段客观地评价出GB的防护性能明显优于GC和GA的防护性能,但GB封护剂的应用还有待下一阶段的检测。封护剂保护的光洁表面、喷砂表面和锈蚀表面状态试样经腐蚀老化后得到的实验结果差别很大,三种表面状态的选择对于封护剂的综合评价都是必要的。光洁表面状态的试样可以客观地呈现出封护剂的评价结果,同时带锈的表面状态,也接近于文物的真实情况。     

战国秦汉时期制铁耐火材料的矿物组织与含量分析

战国秦汉时期是中国古代生铁与生铁制钢技术体系的发端与形成期,制铁耐火材料为发达的生铁与生铁制钢技术体系提供了结构、化学、热性能上的技术保障,具有重要的作用。但目前制铁耐火材料的研究较少,影响了对中国古代钢铁技术的全面认识。本研究对战国秦汉时期出土的制铁耐火材料开展了文献、田野考察和矿相分析,科学认知其微观结构,认为战国秦汉时期制铁耐火材料以黏土质材料为主,使用了砂质材料,但尚未出现砂泥混合质材料。同时,炉壁、铸铁范、鼓风管之间的矿物显微组织和含量差异较大,表明战国秦汉时期工匠已能根据性能需求的不同制作不同的耐火材料用于不同的制铁生产环节。     

First results of metallographic analysis and absolute dating of iron finds from Nowe Brzesko,site 26, Proszowice District

This paper presents the results of analyses of metal artefacts discovered at a multiphase site in Nowe Brzesko, Małopolskie Voivodeship, Poland. Fieldwalking prospection led to the discovery of steely iron objects, ploughed out on the site among other numerous archeological finds. A prospecting sondage yielded more corroded metal artefacts, identified mainly as agricultural tools (e.g. sickles, scythes). These chronologically nondistinctive artefacts could be assigned to the third to fourth century AD using radiocarbon dating, complemented by metallurgical analysis. The results open up new research perspectives on the economy and society of the Przeworsk culture in the Late Roman period.