The introduction of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia, 1960s–1970s

This article compares the emergence of a policy of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia between the 1960s and 1970s. It charts the rise of the policy in the two countries through the adoption of a philosophy of multiculturalism as the basis of their national identities. There is a distinction between philosophy and policy: a multicultural policy emerged out of a philosophy of multiculturalism. Furthermore, a philosophy of multiculturalism replaced the ‘new nationalism’ as the foundation of the national identities of both English‐speaking Canada and Australia. The abandonment of the White Canada and White Australia policies and the adoption of non‐discriminatory immigration policies in both countries were also of importance in the emergence of a policy of multiculturalism. There are many similarities in the Canadian and Australian experiences. However, the major differences are explained by the presence of the French‐Canadians in Canada and the early non‐British migration that Canada received in the late‐nineteenth century compared with Australia.     

Integration and the negotiation of ‘here’ and ‘there’: the case of British Arab activists

Immigrant-receiving societies are increasingly emphasizing the need for immigrants to integrate into mainstream life. In Britain, this trend has manifested itself in ‘social cohesion’ discourses and policies. Discussions about social cohesion have often focused on the residential patterns of immigrant and minority groups in British cities, with the assumption that residential patterns are an indication of social integration. Integration, however, is also a socio-political process by which dominant and subordinate groups negotiate the terms of social membership. We explore the ways in which British Arab activists conceptualize their membership in and responsibilities to their places of settlement; we also consider how they reconcile notions of integration with their connections to their places of origin. Our study participants speak of the need for immigrants to participate actively in their society of settlement, but they reject the idea that integration requires cultural conformity or exclusive loyalty to Britain. Their definition of integration as a dialogue between distinctive but equal groups sharing a given place provides a normative alternative to social cohesion discourses.     

Turkey's Bid for European Union Membership: Between "Thick" and "Thin" Conceptions of Europe

A team of Central Europe-based political geographers examines Turkey's bid for European Union (EU) membership, one of the most controversial issues confronting that country's and EU politics. The authors analyze Eurobarometer public opinion survey data on EU enlargement (and particularly Turkey's EU membership) across the 27 polities of the enlarged EU as well as in Turkey itself. The analysis of the data points to clear regional differences in support for Turkey's EU membership. Moreover, the authors' statistical analysis indicates two major components around which public perceptions of Turkey's EU membership coalesce. The first, identified as a "thick" component, based on the idea that EUrope embodies a specific cultural identity, opposes Turkish membership, whereas a second "thin" component, comprised of institutional-procedural norms, leaves the door open to Turkey. They argue that it is at the complex intersection of these two opposing views that Turkey's bid for EU membership should be located and eventually decided.     

The art of integration: probing the role of cultural policy in the making of Europe

Mirroring Jacques Delors’ much quoted ‘No one falls in love with a common market,’ there has been an increased emphasis on ‘culture’ as a vital tool in the European Union (EU) integration process. Yet, how these programs for ‘cultural exchange and dialogue’ affect artistic production, and reception, is rarely discussed. Drawing on interviews with actors in Berlin and Istanbul who engage with cultural policy in the European arena (2005–2008), this paper aims to illuminate the tensions that this nascent European cultural policy has engendered, not least with regard to the EU stipulations on national cultural sovereignty. I argue that while EU cultural initiatives indeed produce a kind of ‘Europeanization,’ they do so mainly through thematic and institutional incorporation. However, this type of integration tends to recast power differentials within the EU and beyond, despite proclaimed goals to the contrary, as cultural exchange programs tend to reinforce distinctions between ‘art proper’ and ‘ethnic cultural production.’     

Reinventing the British film industry: the Group Production Plan and the National Lottery Franchise Scheme

This article is a comparative analysis of two analogous attempts to restructure the British film industry: the Group Production Plan of the early 1950s and the National Lottery Franchises of the late 1990s. The Group Production Plan brought together key industry figures such as Michael Balcon and John Grierson, who endured a fraught working relationship. The Plan failed, largely due to indifference from the major combines, Rank and the Associated British Picture Company (ABPC). Forty‐five years later, the Lottery Franchises were criticised for failing to produce enough films, although the example of Pathé Pictures suggests that expectations were too high and resources too low. The economic theory of path dependence problematises the policy drive to create vertically integrated companies. This article concludes that historical precedent plays an insufficient role in British film policy discourse and that academic research in cultural policy should aim to improve the dialogue between the past and the present.     

Debating the reconciliatory use of heritage. European post-monumentalism versus regional national-monumentalism

In the 1990s, numerous religious monuments were destroyed in former Yugoslavia. National heritage formed one of the main targets of ethnic cleansing, literally removing the symbolic markers of ethnic groups. Responding to this destructive use of heritage, the Council of Europe and the European Commission introduced the Regional Programme on Cultural and Natural Heritage in south-east Europe. By means of this programme, they seek to change local perceptions on heritage and instigate debates about uses of the past. The premise is that only by learning from past conflicts will the region be able to continue its path to EU integration. However, progress of the programme is slow. Discussions about the interpretation of the past, let alone of a shared past, are largely avoided. The reconciliatory function of heritage that the two European actors aspire to is still hard to find. By taking Serbia as a case study, this article presents some of the typical difficulties that one can expect to encounter when heritage is used as an instrument for reconciliation in an area where reconciliation is still seen as a challenging and threatening process.     

同城化治理研究——以广佛地区为例

近年来,国家提出治理模式和治理体系现代化要求,其中,都市区治理作为重要组成部分,对其合理模式的研究成为城市管理领域的焦点。本文基于都市区治理理论,分析了中国都市区治理模式由强制性区划调整向城市协商合作的演变过程,认为同城化将成为未来区域治理的主要模式,是现代化治理模式的体现。进而提出以建立共识、渠道和激励为基础的同城化治理框架。在此基础上,以广佛同城化为例,采用实地调查和访谈等研究方法,通过对广佛行政管理体制差异的分析,认为管理层级架构的差异是影响广佛多层级治理效果的关键,发现建立"共识"是城市之间协调的核心,"渠道构建"和"激励机制"是同城化规划开展与实施的保障,以期为今后同城化规划提供借鉴。     

京津冀一体化背景下北京制造业时空演化特征及疏解方向

京津冀协同发展大背景下,北京市制造业转型升级和空间布局调整面临新的挑战。本文基于微观企业数据,采用偏离-份额模型剖析了1996-2010年北京市制造业发展的时空演化特征,基于空间偏离-份额模型,提出京津冀协同发展背景下,未来北京不同功能区制造业疏解方向。研究发现,从功能区层面来讲,北京市制造业由首都功能核心区向城市功能拓展区、城市发展新区以及生态涵养发展区渐次外迁,在此过程中高新技术产业、机械与装备制造业呈集聚发展态势,都市型工业近年来有所回迁,其余制造业逐渐退出北京市。在此基础上,以京津冀协同发展纲要为指导,结合京津冀都市圈各城市产业功能定位和集聚区建设分析了北京市不同功能区制造业未来疏解策略与方向。     

区域一体化进程中城市旅游经济联系的演变与思考——以南京都市圈为例

一体化是促进区域经济发展和文化融合的必然趋势,一体化具有多种空间结构形式,对区域内城市间旅游经济关系产生重要影响。都市圈是推进区域一体化发展的有效载体,文章以南京都市圈为例,对都市圈城市旅游规模体系进行了纵向和横向的比较分析,揭示城市旅游经济格局的总体特征。从交通通达性指数和旅游者结构的角度对传统引力模型进行修正,测度2006-2010年城市间旅游经济联系度的演变情况,呈现出旅游经济联系量的区域差异明显、交通的作用逐渐增强、"沿线"式距离衰减规律以及区域旅游协作方式相对固化等特征。在此基础上,提出密切都市圈城市旅游经济联系的对策思考,为推进都市圈旅游一体化发展提供借鉴。