The Purposes of Land Settlement in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1914: Drawing Paths through the Weeds

This article examines the programme of land surveying and registration that was undertaken by the British-led administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in the period 1898–1914. The Legal Secretary, Edgar Bonham Carter, stated that programme was the most important project of his division in this period. Scholars have shown that the programme, known as land ‘settlement’, was used to build alliances with elites and to clarify title for European investors in the new irrigation scheme at Gezira. This article argues that, as such, the ambitions of land settlement were relatively limited. In many other colonies, and in Britain itself, politicians and administrators across the political spectrum saw the reform of private property in land as the key for addressing structural problems in agricultural labour. One might have thought that, the Sudan, land settlement might have provided a means of addressing the dependence on slave labour in agriculture. The article demonstrates that, except for a small number of administrators (including Bonham Carter), this was not the case. The general indifference to slavery itself carried through to an indifference to the transformative potential of land law. The article examines the proposals of this minority of administrators, and contrasts their views with the majority’s focus on land settlement as demonstration and opportunity to enhance state power.     

Extra-regional linkages through MNCs in organizationally thick and specialized RISs: a source of new path development?

ABSTRACT

This paper explores how global innovation networks (GIN) within multinational companies (MNCs) act as extra-regional sources for path development in a regional innovation system (RIS) specializing in the oil and gas sector. We combine the literature on intra-firm knowledge dynamics in MNCs’ GIN with the literature on RISs to better understand their interrelatedness and their dynamics. Based on interviews with 15 MNCs located in the south-west of Norway, we find that firms are highly dependent on competence throughout the MNCs’ entire networks, as well as interaction with the overall RIS. The findings expose that MNCs’ GINs can act as extra-regional sources for path ‘extension’ in thick and specialized RISs through intra-firm mobility, observation and sharing of routines and best practice, mainly resulting in incremental innovations. We find some signs of potential path ‘renewal’, including radical innovation ideas. However, there are hampering factors linked to strong internal competition for innovation projects, pressure for local profitability and ownership motivation. At the level of RISs, new initiatives going beyond existing cluster initiatives and specializations need support.     

微量元素示踪法在青铜器铜料来源研究中的应用与进展

本文简要回顾了微量元素示踪法在青铜器铜料来源研究中的应用历史,分析了其应用现状,以及在一个时期内应用不理想的深刻原因。在此基础上,阐述了微量元素示踪法有效应用的前提条件,并进一步介绍了这一方法的最新进展情况。     

Saharan dust: sources and trajectories

The Sahara is the world's largest source of aeolian desert dust, but precise information on specific sources of this material is poor and sometimes contradictory. This paper uses daily data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for 1999 to identify source areas for major dust events and their trajectories of long-range transport. Two major source areas are identified: the Bodélé depression and an area covering eastern Mauritania, western Mali and southern Algeria. Both of these major dust sources are primarily driven by natural factors since they are little affected by anthropogenic activities.     

《吴越备史》的成书、流传及版本源流考

笔者在尽可能走访了中国大陆现存《吴越备史》的所有版本、搜集抄录了37则序跋、23则著录的基础上,按照“版本实际第一,前人的著录文字对版本的描述、交代第二”以及“宁阙疑,勿妄断”两个原则,通过对各版本文字上的比对,并结合前人的序跋、著录,梳理了《吴越备史》一书的成书过程、流传过程、版本的存佚及其源流。文章的结论有三个：一,《吴越备史》的成书分三个阶段;二,《吴越备史》的流传过程;三,中国大陆现存的23个版本共有三个源流。以上三个问题的结论可从文章附录的《吴越备史版本录》、《吴越备史流传过程和版本源流示意图》及其《吴越备史流传过程和版本源流示意图说明》一目了然。     

Adult Male Mortality in India

This paper presents levels and trends of adult male mortality in India and its major states during the post-independence period applying the widowhood method on census data. It also estimates adult male mortality for all the districts from major states of India. We adjusted widowhood estimates for possible bias due to remarriages and examined the sensitivity of adjusted estimates to different scenarios of remarriage rates. Comparison of widowhood estimates with direct estimates from official sources supports the credibility of widowhood estimates. Information obtained from widows aged 40–44 and 45–49 provided the most convincing patterns of adult mortality. Trends in adult mortality suggest that maximum gain in ₄₅q₁₅ for India and its states occurred during 1949–1960. Adult male mortality varied substantially across the states of India. Although adult life expectancy has been rising in India, the rate of mortality reduction has been decreasing over the last few decades.     

论日语请求行为得体性的实现

请求行为普遍而且敏感,它是人类交际中不可避免的社会活动。得体性作为请求行为所必须遵循的礼貌原则,既牵涉到语言自身,又牵涉到许多诸如风俗习惯、价值观念、社会地位、人际关系、环境、地点、时间等社会文化因素。本文通过分析中国学生运用日语表达“请求”这一言语行为时出现的语用失误,探讨中日两种文化在语言语用和社交语用方面存在的差异,旨在找出隐伏在这些失误背后的、易引起误会和冲突的文化因素,并在此基础上,提出对策,以帮助日语学习者自觉改变和调整固有的框框,提高语用能力。