近代中国科学救国思潮研究综述

新中国成立以来,学术界对近代科学救国思潮的研究经历了两个阶段:一是在建国后至1980年,科学救国思潮被视为资产阶级改良主义的反动思潮而长期受到学界的否定和批判;二是在1980年代以来,学界对科学救国思潮的研究开始转变,逐渐实事求是地、历史地看待科学救国思潮。从主观的评价逐步转到客观的辨析该思潮在近代中国所起的作用上来,开始重新审视科学救国论者的思想和言行。特别是进入21世纪后,研究出现了新的趋势,有学者开始尝试对科学救国思潮的理论体系、科学救国与科教兴国的关系等问题进行探讨。     

古代北方的水质与民生

水质与民生密切相关,中国南北地理环境不同决定了水质的差异。一般而言,古代南方的日常生活用水以江河湖泉为多,外在"所染"为其水质问题的主要方面;北方民生用水以井水为多,井水自身"所含"的水质问题则较突出,由此而引发的地方病也和南方地区有较大差异。井水咸苦长期困扰北方居民的日常生活,它曾对历史时期北方国都营建产生重要影响,对各级治所的经营也有所制约。水质是生态环境问题也是社会问题,不同时代、地域、阶层对北方水质有不同感知,历经实践浸染与文字流布,这一日常生活的身体实践逐渐演变成为一种知识、观念乃至于文化。     

中国国民的健康指数及其区域差异

用“健康指数”来表征我国国民的健康状况,以预期寿命为核心,选择27项与寿命有密切关系的、能反映人的身体素质和化素质的健康指标,综合求得健康指数,基本上反映了各地区人群的健康状况及其区域差异,表明我国大城市和东南沿海地区人群的健康状况较好,西部地区稍差。     

章士钊的“农业文明”论

在五四文化论争中,章士钊抛出“农国论”,认为西方国家因工业文明和物质文明之害已经陷入绝境,中国亦深受工业化之害,趋于沦亡;中国必须以农业立国,摒弃工业化和物质文明,恢复知足、节欲、不争的农国精神和传统道德,才能免于亡国之祸,并担负起拯救西方世界的责任。“农国论”是五四时期文化保守主义的又一种形式,是精神文明论的变种,本质上是道德复古主义。     

Faunal exploitation and agricultural transitions in the South American agricultural limit

The southern Mendoza Province of Argentina constitutes the southernmost limit of Andean agriculture in South America. Archaeofaunal assemblages from sites in this region show a pattern of changing taxonomic diversity concomitant with the first appearance of domesticated plants. This pattern is characterised by an increase in prey diversity before the appearance of the first cultigens and a decrease in diversity after their arrival. Furthermore, the animal taxa exploited when domesticated plants entered the diet indicate a focus on big game. The pattern observed in southern Mendoza is in accord with ethnographic and archaeological models generated by faunal research worldwide. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental Study on Postponing the Deboning of FRP Sheets in Masonry Walls

ABSTRACT

A large number of buildings all around the world are constructed of unreinforced masonry. These structures do not act well during earthquakes because of their vulnerable behavior. In last two decades, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) has been used widely in seismic rehabilitation and strengthening unreinforced concrete and masonry structures. One important issue in using FRP composites for strengthening masonry walls is the inopportune debonding of composites from the wall surface; thus, in this article new methods are proposed to further delay the mentioned debonding issue. For this purpose, 13 masonry panels with 100x870x870 mm dimension are strengthened by using carbon and glass FRPs (CFRPs and GFRPs). A variety of strengthening methods such as surface preparation, boring, grooving, nailing, and plaster are used to mount FRP composites to the walls. For each specimen subjected to diagonal compression test, the loading level along with tensile and compressive diagonal displacements are evaluated. In order to assess the effect of FRP composites, four unreinforced masonry walls are tested as well. The results show 110% increase in ductility index of reinforced specimens compared to the unreinforced ones.     

朱熹乡村治理思想述论

中国传统社会是一个以农业文明为主的乡村社会,乡村治理问题是中国传统政治中的一个基本问题.朱熹的乡村治理思想是中国古代自秦汉以来乡村治理问题的历史延续.在朱熹乡村治理思想中,既提倡孝敬、乡情、信睦、良善、仁厚等儒家的传统道德规范,又提倡具有强制约束力的法律规章制度,还提倡经济上的发展与救助.其乡村治理理念的实质是为中央集权服务,帮助维护封建统治的基层社会基础,但不可否认的是,在长期的社会实践中,对实现社会稳定、加强邻里团结、消弭和化解乡村矛盾、改进乡村治安方面起了不可忽视的作用.     

蜀国与西南民族

自古以来,我国西南地区民族人口众多,民族成份复杂,民族分布面广,民族活动能量强、社会影响大。三国时期,立国于西南之蜀国与西南民族的关系极为密切,对西南民族地区社会历史的影响广泛而深远。本文在阐述蜀国建立的基础上,着重论述了其境内的民族成份及诸葛亮平南中的事件,并对(?)人的族属和平南中的时间作了进一步的探研。     

Indexing Immigration and Integration Policy: Lessons from Europe

Immigrant‐related policy indexes have become popular in both U.S. and European contexts, yet these projects boast distinct and divergent trajectories. European indices are characterized by rigorous conceptualization, specificity in elements of policy design (e.g., settings like fees or appeal process), and a variety of measurement strategies. By contrast, U.S. state‐level policy indices exhibit a lack of differentiation between immigration and integration policy and excessive generality in measurement and representation of policy instruments and settings, exacerbated in presenting a policy index as an aggregate count. This paper argues U.S. policy indexing can benefit from the European indexing experience. Following an overview of the state of each field, assessing concept differentiation, specification, and measurement in each, the paper illustrates how even the well‐conceived and specified European integration policy indices run into problems at the analysis stage. It presents a replication‐replacement study to illustrate divergent performance of highly correlated and conceptually agreeing indices, as well as methodological issues inherent to indices of low‐N, including using a policy index as a dependent variable and index selection absent a priori theorization. It concludes with suggestions for improving American immigration policy indices, as well as general observations on working with statistical power‐challenged indices and data limitations.     

Uncoupling binaries,unsettling narratives and enriching pedagogical practice: lessons from a trial to Indigenize geography curricula at the University of Adelaide,Australia

The development of culturally and social inclusive curricula is an important aspect of teaching geography. In countries such as Australia with a history of colonial oppression and dispossession the need to acknowledge Indigenous history and peoples in teaching is vital. This paper reports on the lessons learned from being part of the Indigenous Enrichment of Curricula Project (IECP) for geography curricula at the University of Adelaide, Australia. Drawing on advice from an Indigenous Reference Group, this project trialled the use of visual and aural delivery mechanisms, the development of country-based assessments, the use of “co-run conversations in safe spaces” and embedding of key narratives and storylines to provoke student learning and cultural reflexivity. Challenges are reported on, including working out how to decolonize curricula without adopting binary and essentialist constructions of Indigeneity, how to involve Indigenous colleagues without overburdening them, and how to represent Indigenous knowledge. The paper concludes that Indigenizing or enriching curricula must go beyond a content focus and avoid superficially gilding the lily (by the addition of culturally palatable and romanticized “nuggets” of Indigenous knowledge) but build towards a drastic re-structuring in practice of entire course frameworks consistent with Indigenous ways of doing and seeing.