Hong Kong and Macao under Chinese Sovereignty

A team of Hong Kong-based geographers led by a noted specialist provides a comparative overview of Hong Kong and Macao under Chinese sovereignty (respectively, since 1997 and 1999). The authors outline the historical development of both cities, identifying their common legacies as colonial enclaves as well as shared economic experience as autonomous Special Administrative Regions (SARs) under the "one country, two systems" formula devised in Beijing. The paper includes up-to-date statistical information (some through March 2008) on per capita GDP, visitors from Mainland China and from abroad (for both cities), direct investment, employment in financial services, trade and logistics, and tourism (for Hong Kong) as well as revenues from gambling casinos in Macao that are reportedly surpassing those of Las Vegas. Journal of Economic Literature, O16, O18, O20, R11. Classification Numbers: 11 figures, 4 tables, 46 references.     

熟悉度对旅游目的地形象影响研究——以泰山为例

旅游目的地形象是吸引旅游者的关键因素之一,而目的地形象受到旅游者对目的地熟悉程度的影响。对泰山的研究表明：就总体形象和情感形象而言,旅游者对泰山的熟悉度越高,则形象越积极;就认知形象而言,6个形象因子中有4个因子也呈现出同样的情况。因此,建议目的地管理者从增加目的地信息传播的渠道、力争提高口碑推荐度和重游率等方面采取措施来提高旅游者对目的地的熟悉度,以此提升旅游目的地形象。     

Decomposing the Rural-Urban Differentials in Childhood Malnutrition in India, 1992–2006

Using data from multi-waves of the National Family Health Survey conducted in India between 1992 and 2006, this study examines the pattern of rural–urban differentials in childhood malnutrition in India over time. Furthermore, it identifies the factors responsible for the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition and quantifies their contribution. The result shows a considerable and widening gap in childhood malnutrition across rural–urban residence in the country over the study period. The rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition has narrowed in a few states whereas it widened in most states over time. The economic status of the household and parental education was the most significant contributors to the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition in India. Based on the findings, this study suggests that to reduce the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition, focus should be given to the rural poor.     

A new statistical approach for determining the crystallinity of heat-altered bone mineral from FTIR spectra

The crystallinity of bone mineral represents an established method of measuring heat-induced change and is of importance to fields including material science, clinical science, anthropology and archaeology. A commonly used technique involves the calculation of the Crystallinity Index (CI) using selected peaks from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorbance spectra. However, the choice of peaks has to date not been statistically justified. In this study a novel application of statistical techniques to the FTIR spectra of bone samples burned in the range 100 °C–1100 °C has been used to identify 5 new spectral indices of heat-induced crystallinity change. The validity of the new indices was tested by using a statistical classification model (LDA) to predict the burning temperature of a set of 108 bone samples burned between 100 °C and 1100 °C. A correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.2% was obtained when a combination of 4 indices including the CI was used. This was significantly better than the CCR of 66.7% which was obtained when the CI was used on its own.     

县域城乡关联度评价指标体系构建与应用——以大西安为例

在总结城乡一体评价指标体系研究进展的基础上,从城乡一体化过程中城市和乡村这两个子系统出发,选取城市发展水平、乡村发展水平和城乡协调水平三个功能目标层构建县域城乡关联度评价指标体系。以大西安地区各区县为例进行应用研究发现,不同地区的城乡关联度、城市发展水平、乡村发展水平和城乡协调水平相互之间存在一致性和差异性,其中城市发展水平对城乡关联度影响最大。     

旅游资源自驾车旅游开发适宜性评价体系构建与实证研究——以伊春市为例

自驾车旅游的开发对旅游资源具有特殊要求,传统的旅游资源评价方法应用到自驾车旅游开发中表现出局限性。基于自驾车旅游开发的视角,综合考虑旅游资源吸引力、资源环境条件、配套设施状况、客源市场与发展潜力四个方面,尝试建立了新的旅游资源评价指标体系。根据专家调查,运用主成分分析法和层次分析方法确定了指标体系各因子权重。最后以伊春市为例,应用模糊综合评判法对伊春市22个典型旅游区的旅游资源进行了自驾车旅游开发适宜性评价与分析。通过创新旅游资源评价体系,文章期望为自驾车旅游开发提供指导,并为其它专项旅游开发提供借鉴。     

宋朝遣往辽国的贺岁使节述论

宋朝遣往辽国的使节中贺岁使节是一个非常重要的群体,贺岁使包括生辰使和正旦使.宋统治者为了与辽国维持和平外交,非常重视贺岁使节的选拔,他们主要来自政府官员、社会名流和外戚成员.宋朝贺岁使节在执行宋朝对辽政策,提供辽国的情报以及促进双方文化和经济交流方面起了重要作用.     

毛泽东奠定立国之本的思想理论基础

四项基本原则作为立国之本,是党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线的重要组成部分。毛泽东在领导中国革命和建设的过程中,虽然还没有把四项基本原则作为一个完整的科学概念提出来,但他对中国共产党的领导、党的指导思想、社会主义道路和人民民主专政等立国之本的基本原则以及它们之间的相互关系,都做了许多精辟的阐述,为后来四项基本原则的科学概括奠定了思想理论基础。深入研究毛泽东关于立国之本的丰富思想,对于我们在新的历史条件下坚持四项基本原则,仍有重要的理论和实践意义。     

基于可达性与场强模型的中国地级以上城市空间场能测度

空间场能是区域中心城市借助区域联系通道带动腹地发展而产生的"势能差"的抽象表达,可有效刻画区域发展格局与空间差异。采用主成分分析法与指标体系计算城市结节性指数,借助ArcGIS软件平台,采用累积耗费距离法、K阶数据场和ESDA等方法,综合测度了中国287个地级以上城市可达性与空间场能,并分别从省域、市域、县域等单元探讨了中国东中西三大地带与南北场能差异的空间格局与演变特征。结果表明:中国地级以上城市的可达性条件不断改善,平均可达性时间从1991年的246.98min缩短为2010年的193.43min。空间场能显著增长且空间分异性显著,分布结构由单核向多极网络状形态转变。县域场能存在显著的空间极化现象,场能热点区域的分布呈现显著的热点-次热点-次冷点-冷点自东向西带状分布的格局。依据场能分析结果,将全国划分为3个一级经济区和26个二级城市经济区。     

春秋时代五等爵制的存留及其破坏

西周、春秋时期,诸侯列爵五等：公、侯、伯、子、男。五等爵是分封制度下诸侯的法定身份。西周时期,诸侯阶层内部依据五等爵规定的等级制原则分配权力、财富并确立对天子承担的不同义务。迨至春秋,五等爵仍被奉为重要的外交准则,对列国的朝聘会盟活动发挥一定的影响。然而,随着天子的衰微和诸侯的强大．春秋列国开始依据实力强弱进行权力和财富的再分配,五等爵原有的政治功能逐渐丧失。战国时代,五等爵制退出了历史舞台。