Subjects,citizens and others: the handling of ethnic differences in the British and the Habsburg Empires (late nineteenth and early twentieth century)

This article focuses on the role of ethnic inclusions and exclusions in administering citizenship and nationality within the British and the Habsburg Empires. The analysis discerns three ways of dealing with ethnically heterogenous populations. One follows the nation-state model and aims for internal ethnic homogeneity and legal equality. This model coined developments in Canada and Hungary. The second obeys an imperialistic pattern and implements legal discrimination between different ethnic groups. It played a decisive role in East Africa and in Bosnia to a certain degree. The third model follows a statist logic and enforces either supra-ethnic neutrality or a politics of recognition. It was most influential in Austria and India. In the British as well as in the Habsburg context ethnic differences gained significance around 1900. This ethnicising of law and administrative practice produced different results, though, in both cases, mainly due to the empires' divergent political structures. Whereas within the Habsburg Empire the three models were juxtaposed, British law and administration came to be dominated by the imperialistic pattern of ethnic discrimination against ‘non-white’ subjects. Thus, the customary distinction between a politically inclusive nationalism in Western Europe and an ethnically exclusive one in the continent's Eastern half – sometimes linked with the difference between ius soli and ius sanguinis – cannot be upheld.     

宋元乡饮酒礼考

乡饮酒礼是我国上古时期比较盛行的一种以宾贤、敬老、谦让为主要内容的礼仪制度 ,随着儒学成为中国封建社会的统治思想 ,乡饮酒礼逐步与儒人社会联系起来 ,成为以地方儒学为中心的社会文化活动。宋代乡饮酒礼由于四明等地儒士的大力提倡 ,流行全国。元代虽然儒士的处境已经今非昔比 ,但仍然可以发现有关乡饮酒礼的记载 ,元代的乡饮酒礼成为激励儒士自强、自立 ,维系儒学发展和传承的重要因素之一     

唐代隐逸兴盛成因的社会学阐释

唐代隐逸兴盛的成因对把握唐代隐逸的特质、风貌及其与唐诗的关系意义重大。这一风尚的盛行与唐代的社会政治、经济状况和思想文化密切相关。政治上 ,唐代帝王对隐士优渥褒扬是刺激唐代隐逸发展的强大动力。科举制度方面 ,士子科举落第、仕途的挫折、中晚唐科场的流弊以及高隐制举的设立都使唐人的隐逸行为较前代变得更为频繁。从思想文化方面看 ,带有传统隐士色彩的隐居习道风气的盛行使唐代道教徒式的隐士大大增加 ;佛家遁迹山林的修行方式、清静超脱的人生境界也吸引着唐代文人奔趋山林。从经济基础看 ,唐代日益普及的私家园林 ,成为唐人实践仕隐两兼、满足其恬淡的隐逸情怀的理想境地 ,并构成唐人践履隐逸、满足其优游于出处进退的三径之资     

制度设计与多维互动：清道光年间徽州振兴科考的一次尝试——以《绩溪捐助宾兴盘费规条》为中心的考察

明清时期徽州府属各县的教育发展水平及发展程度呈现出不均衡的现象.由于商业势力及经济实力的相对滞后,绩溪的教育发展水平一直居于徽州府较次的位置.清道光年间,随着商业实力的相对增强以及休宁县成功事例的示范效应,绩溪县地方官府、社会精英、宗族、文会以及宗族成员开始日益重视并致力于振兴科考的努力,各行为主体相互之间围绕着筹集乡试盘费资金以及与此相关的一系列制度设计等主题,展开了积极有效的良性互动.绩溪县地方官府、社会精英、宗族、典商等围绕科举这一主题所进行的制度设计与多维互动,是清代道光年间徽州地域社会内振兴科考的一次有益的尝试.     

烧造瓷器章程制定后御窑烧造经费的核销

清乾隆朝督窑官唐英制定的《烧造瓷器则例章程册》,详细记述了烧造各种圆、琢瓷器制价的方法和标准,内大臣制定的《奏为议定烧造瓷器章程》规定了破损瓷器和解缴次色瓷器变价银的核销比例。两份章程组成一份完整的定例,于乾隆十二年十月初七日奏明遵行,成为朝廷核销烧造瓷器费用的依据,标志着景德镇御窑烧造经费核销制度的基本完善。     

清初摄政、辅政体制与皇权政治

清初经历了叔王摄政、异姓大臣辅政的两种特殊的政治体制。入关前,太祖、太宗未定立储制度。皇太极过世,各派势力窥视皇权,戏剧性地达成拥立幼主福临,叔王摄政的体制。摄政王权势过重,威胁皇权,借机治罪多尔衮。康熙冲龄即位,借鉴前制陋规,形成以孝庄文皇后为核心的异姓大臣辅政统系,辅政失控,导致权臣鳌拜专权,再次危及皇权,而智捉鳌拜。摄政王、辅政大臣的争斗,反映了满洲八旗内旗籍矛盾的尖锐。摄政、辅政与皇权之间的冲突,构成了清代政治文化的重要内容,极大地影响着清初政治的价值取向。     

读有关宋徽宗画艺文著的点滴体会——兼及《听琴图》为赵佶“真笔”说

宋徽宗赵佶在绘画史中是一位承先启后的不朽人物。对于他的作品历来就有代笔之说,且流传至今的遗作为数有限,而其中精美之作亦往往被鉴家定为“代笔和御题画”。故宫博物院珍藏的赵佶之作皆被视为非赵佶的“亲笔”。作者有感于此,乃重新学习有关文献记载及当代论画名著,略有体会,因而提出个人的不同认识,特别对于《听琴图》提出了为赵佶“真笔”的七条论据,为研究赵佶“真笔”提供参考意见。     

Designing Constitutions in Britain’s Mid-Nineteenth Century Empire – Indigenous Territorial Government in New Zealand and Retrieving Constitutional Histories

Focusing on the striking instance of colonial New Zealand, this article examines constitutional design for colonies of European settlement, arguing about such design in two key respects. First, this article examines the proposals of so-called ‘colonial reformers’ endeavouring to influence constitutional framing, including how their notions on ‘local self-government’ or ‘municipal government’ were reflected or not, while also illuminating their concepts of how to accommodate indigenous territorial governance and indirect administration of indigenous territories in the late 1840s and early 1850s. Second, recovering traces of these disputes and ways of thought from the archives, and how they were operationalised in grounded constitutional drafting or design, rather than resorting to analysing abstract canonical, high-level texts, such as those of Henry Maine and John Stuart Mill, is ultimately more rewarding for evaluating constitutional emergence and design. It reveals tensions within ‘colonial liberalism’, as characterised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. How putative settler interests informed these metropolitan-Westminster constitutional enactments or not, assessed through cabinet-level discussions, in Colonial Office deliberations on settler agitation, illustrates missteps and failures as well as the particular ways in which diverse features of imperial constitutional design emerged. Examining these points is timely given Linda Colley’s focus on a ‘contagion of constitutions’ in the late eighteenth and early to mid-nineteenth centuries.     

殿试制度起源考辨

殿试制度是科举制度研究中一个非常重要的问题,而关于殿试制度的起始时间学界一直说法不一。本文以三级考试为参照系,以此前一直被忽略的覆试制度为切入点,通过对与殿试起源相关诸问题的详细辨析,彻底澄清了殿试与覆试的联系与区别,否定了武则天载初元年、南唐乾德二年及宋开宝六年为殿试之始诸说,从而最终确定殿试制度正式开始的时间是宋太祖开宝八年。     

三“李杜”事件与汉末政治

汉末名士群体与外戚宦官及其所代表的皇权的抗争,是汉末政治的重要内容。这期间,李固、杜乔在立桓帝问题上与梁冀的对立,李云、杜众对于桓帝封五侯外家的指责,李膺、杜密在桓、灵之际党锢事件中的表现,均具有典型意义。三"李杜"在汉末名士群体中乃至在民众间都产生了极大影响,他们的行为、气节鼓舞着当时的士大夫们立身持正,与黑暗政治作斗争。三"李杜"最终都死于非命,预示着东汉皇权与作为政治精英的名士群体的背离,从而也预示着东汉政权的崩解覆亡。同时,三"李杜"树立的道德价值理念,在名士阶层的形成中也起着重要作用。