STRUCTURE AND AGENCY: CONTESTED CONCEPTS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

The concepts of ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ have been of central significance to geographic research. This paper focuses on recent debates in critical social geography, and the contributions of Marxist, feminist, and postmodern perspectives to rethinking the structure-agency question. Significant changes in conceptualizing structure and agency are outlined, from early work in Marxist geography to current efforts to grapple with postmodern culture and identity. The paper demonstrates that critical geographic approaches to structure and agency have become more inclusive and nuanced, as researchers have addressed challenges posed by critiques and new perspectives. It concludes by considering the significance of place, space, and social difference in mediating processes of social change and thus in concrete explanations of how the ‘dialectical dance’ of structure and agency unfolds within particular locales. Les concepts de «structure» et d' «action» ont une importance capitate dans les recherches en géographie. Cet article porte sur les débats qui ont récemment eu cours dans le domaine de la géographie sociale critique et sur les contributions apportées par les tenants des points de vue marxiste, féministe et postmoderne dans la reconceptualisation du rapport entre la structure et faction. On y mentionne les importants changements qui ont eu lieu dans le domaine de la conceptualisation des structures et des actions, des premiers travaux effectués en géographie marxiste jusqu'aux récents efforts dé-ployés pour mieux saisir la culture et I'identité postmoderne. Ce texte démontre que dans le domaine de la géographie critique, on voit la structure et faction d'une manière plus englobante et plus nuancée à mesure que les chercheurs se sont penchés sur les défis soulevés par les critiques et les nouvelles perspectives. Nous finissons par évaluer la place qu'occupent I'endroit, I'espace et la différence sociale dans la médiation des processus du changement social - et ainsi dans les explications concrètes des variations de la « danse dialectique » de structure et de faction dans des milieux particuliers.     

银器处理的一种新方法

巯基苯基四氮唑(PMTA)是近年来发现的优良的防银变色剂。本文采用了甲酸并添加了少量的 PMTA 对银器表面的锈垢进行了处理,效果较为满意。从一批墨西哥银元的试验中可以证明,这种处理方法对银器具有抗变色作用,其效果 PMTA 比苯骈三氮唑(BTA)好,因 BTA 与银形成的配合物膜是呈线型或网状型的结构,而 PMTA 与银形成致密的配合物膜,这膜具有面型的结构,它能更有效地阻断各种腐蚀介质与银的反应。     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen: Variations within individuals,between sexes,and within populations raised on monotonous diets

The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen of seven bones from each of three rabbits raised on a monotonous diet, and of two bones from each of eight female and seven male mink raised on another monotonous diet, were determined. The ranges of δ¹³C values and δ¹⁵N values were 0·5‰ and 0·6‰ for the rabbit bones and 1·0‰ and 1·4‰ for the mink bones. Uncertainties in the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for prehistoric human diets estimated from the isotopic composition of collagen from the small numbers of bones which are typically available for analysis, and thus likely to be of the order of ±1‰.     

再论西汉诸侯王墓车马殉葬制度

《考古》2002年第1期刊登有郑滦明先生所著《西汉诸侯王墓所见的车马殉葬制度》一文(以下简称《制度》),对我曾经论及西汉诸侯王墓所葬三辆真车马的性质定为魂车的观点提出了质疑     

Maps and the assessment of parish rates in nineteenth‐century England and Wales

Abstract

This paper reviews the role of maps in the assessment of rates levied for the relief of poverty in nineteenth‐century England and Wales and examines the relationships between tithe maps and parochial assessment maps both in general terms and with specific reference to Poor Law unions in the county of Kent. An appendix lists 207 parochial assessment maps made in connection with the levy of poor rates which are extant in the public archives and libraries of England and Wales. Other ‘lost’ examples of this genre awaiting discovery in parish churches and vestries will undoubtedly add to this small but important constituent of the corpus of English and Welsh cadastral maps.     

制度史研究的视野、路径与旨归——评《当代中国信访制度史》

“治理国家,制度是起根本性、全局性、长远性作用的。”A制度的创立和发展对国家建设以及维持社会秩序具有重要意义。也正因为如此,制度史一直是历史学者关注的一个重要研究领域。近年来,制度史研究的视野进一步拓展,路径进一步丰富,旨归进一步明确。学者们从关注制度本身到探索制度的具体实践形态以及在此过程中错综复杂的互动关系,更为深刻真实地展现了制度演变与实践的逻辑理路,使制度史研究呈现出更为丰富、立体与动态的面向。     

Relative and absolute dating of the human skull and skeleton from Galley Hill,Kent

Over a period of some 100 years it has gradually been accepted that the human skeletal remains found in the late nineteenth century in ancient gravels at Galley Hill, Kent are not those of early man, but are of much more recent date. This conclusion was finally verified by means of relative (N, F) and absolute (¹⁴C) dating. Here we present the results of further analysis of the remains from Galley Hill for their uranium content by a method having general application to the relative dating of fossil human and other mammalian bone.     

敦煌资料中所见讲究卫生爱护环境的习俗

敦煌文献及壁画中珍藏着一批讲究公共卫生、爱护环境的史料,生动地体现了唐宋时期人们对良好卫生习俗追求。这些习俗包括爱护水源、注重水质,营造良好的居住环境,勤洗衣着、梳头刷牙,沐浴健身,修建厕所、禁止随地便溺,禁止随意食用野味和生肉等。揭示、探析这些习俗不仅具有重要的学术价值,而且对于今天培育人们良好的卫生习惯、防止疫病传播、增强人民体质健康、营造美好的城乡环境、促进生态文明建设,亦具有积极的史鉴意义。     

晚明文艺思潮对绘画的影响─—徐渭、董其昌比较研究

本文以徐渭和董其昌作为个例分析，讨论了晚明文艺思潮对当时绘画风格、形式变化的影响。