Transitional justice from the margins: Collective reparations and Tunisia's Truth and Dignity Commission

The Tunisian revolution of 2011 moved from socio-economic to political concerns, and from the margins and periphery of the South and West of the country to the centre, Tunis, driven by the slogan of “jobs, dignity and freedom”. The goal of this article is to understand the potential of using the spatially informed concept of marginalisation to reimagine transitional justice, using the “victim zone” as a case study. The Truth and Dignity Commission's founding legislation tasked it with identifying victim zones that had “suffered systematic marginalisation or exclusion” and proposing reparation for structural violations suffered. Empirical data collected from two disadvantaged regions of Tunisia are used to provide a bottom-up, victim-centred, look at structural and economic violence. The IVD has largely failed to-date to deliver on its promise in relation to collective reparations, but a combination of theory and empirical data provides a springboard for a discussion of how the margins could unsettle current transitional justice practice, both normatively and practically. The article concludes by outlining an unfinished business agenda for Tunisia and implications for future transitional justice. Specifically, it argues for a transitional justice from the margins that focuses on space as well as time, collectives as well as individuals, a normative plurality rather than a single universalised global framework, decentralised agency rather than centralised institutional primacy, and a new social contract (forms of participation and recognition) rather than the continuity of elite bargains.     

The determinants of occupational distribution in Seoul metropolitan area: Comparison of high- and low-skilled occupations

In this study we analyse the spatial distribution patterns of professionals and related workers in high-skilled occupations and elementary workers in low-skilled occupations in the Seoul metropolitan area and explore their geographical factors. Spatial autocorrelation relates to the formation and clustering of hot spots according to each occupational characteristic. Geographic factors affecting the distribution of workplaces and residences in professionals-related occupations and elementary-related occupations act differently for each middle occupational classification. However, some occupations show similar spatial distribution patterns. In particular, we found that industrial economic drivers have influence more significant than other regional factors in determining the distribution of workplace and residence by occupation. The spatial coefficient of geographical adjacency varies with the attributes of each occupation and tends to be larger in professional jobs. Findings from the study will help prepare policies related to local talents for specialisation and advancement of the occupational structure and will be of wider interest.     

Dancing on the graves: Independence,hot/banal nationalism and the mobilization of memory

Nationalism is frequently considered as an extreme, ‘hot’ phenomenon related to often violent nation/state-building processes. Billig’s Banal Nationalism turned the attention to how nationalism is also ‘flagged’ and routinely reproduced in existing states. This article studies the mobilization of these forms of nationalism and suggests that independence is a useful notion in bridging the hot/banal divide and for tracing the ‘hot in the banal’. Whereas for separatist movements independence is primarily a goal aspired to, in existing states independence/sovereignty is used to bring together hot and banal forms of nationalism which are mobilized in reproducing the discourses/practices related to the purported national identity. This paper first outlines a heuristic framework for conceptualizing independence and its key dimensions in relation to hot and banal nationalism as well as state-territory building. Secondly, the paper will study empirically the merit of the notion of independence regarding nationalism research via four themes: (1) the role of independence in Finland’s state/nation-building process, spatial socialization and in mixing hot and banal nationalism; (2) the use of the ‘independence card’ by (nationalist) parties; (3) the mobilization of nationalist practices/discourses in the performativity of Finnish Independence Day; and (4) the resistance that the independence celebrations have incited. This study shows that the idea of independence in this context is inward-looking, draws on Othering, and is flagged in media and spatial socialization (e.g. education) using particular iconographies, landscapes, events, and memories related above all to wars. Rather than expressing hot or banal nationalism these discourses/practices effectively merge the two, challenging any simple dichotomy between them. The performativity of Independence Day in particular displays this blending.     

城市旅游休闲热点区演变特征及驱动机制研究——以武汉市为例

城市旅游休闲热点区是城市发展和转型升级的新增长极.本研究以中国旅游休闲城市武汉市为例,依托POI数据和GIS空间分析技术,分析武汉市旅游休闲热点区的空间特征和业态集聚特征,进而探讨其驱动机制.研究发现:①武汉市旅游休闲热点区呈现出由中心城区集聚向远城区蔓延、单核主导向多核引领的空间演变规律.②武汉市旅游休闲热点区规模与...     

江苏省土地城镇化的空间分异及其主导因素探测

实现新型城镇化战略的重要前提是科学认识土地城镇化的特征及机制,其难点在于识别影响土地城镇化的主导因素以进行针对性调控。基于空间自相关分析、地理探测器等方法,识别江苏省土地城镇化水平的空间分异特征及其主导因素。结果显示：①江苏省的土地城镇化水平为38.90%,呈现出南高北低的梯度分异格局。②土地城镇化水平的热点区、次热点区集中分布在苏南以及苏中的南通市区、泰州市区及其周围县（市）,次冷点区包围着冷点区主要分布苏北的县（市）及苏中的宝应县。③人口集聚类、经济发展类、社会投资类的因素对土地城镇化空间分异影响最为显著;基础设施类、开放水平类的部分因素的对土地城镇化空间分异有一定的解释能力。     

上海博物馆馆藏俏色“春水”、“秋山”玉饰的材质、皮色及年代研究

为研究传世俏色"春水"、"秋山"玉的皮色及年代问题,利用显微放大观察、激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、显微红外光谱(FTIR)及X射线荧光光谱(XRF)技术,对上海博物馆收藏的9件俏色"春水"、"秋山"玉饰进行了皮色分布、化学成分、矿物学特征分析。实验结果表明9件玉器样品的主要矿物组成均为透闪石,其中两件样品曾经人工染色处理,染色材料与蜂蜡有关。结合考古发现及文献记载,将传世俏色"春水"、"秋山"玉的年代限于金、元,综合考量器形、纹饰、做工、皮色之后,将2件作伪俏色样品的年代定为元代。研究思路及方法是科技分析结合古器物学研究鉴定传世玉器的一次尝试。     

跨文化旅游中文化相互作用的弹簧机制

为促进旅游的可持续发展,作者从文化方面着手,对跨文化旅游中文化相互作用机制进行初步研究。指出异质文化的魅力是催发旅游的根本动力之一。文化的多样性导致旅游目的地的多选择性。大规模旅游引发广泛的文化接触。而文化的相对独立性和矜持性使接触的两种异质文化的相互作用呈"弹簧机制"-接触-相持对抗-力的传导-文化的适用-接触。但经济作用的介入使"弹簧机制"发生变形。     

Evolution of fluid chemistry during travertine formation in the Troll thermal springs,Svalbard, Norway

Arctic hydrothermal springs at Bockfjorden, Svalbard, have isotope and trace element signatures indicative of derivation from glacial melt waters with minor contribution from seawater. Downstream gradients in water chemistry, isotopic composition and carbonate precipitation rates have been documented for the Troll spring and travertine terrace system. The main controls on the downstream evolution of these parameters are carbon dioxide degassing, calcite precipitation, evaporation and biological activity. The carbonate precipitation rates not only show an approximately parabolic dependence on the calcite supersaturation levels, but depend also on local hydrodynamics. Downstream loss of light isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen can be explained as an effect of evaporation, as estimated using chloride as a conservative marker. Biological activity affects nitrate and bromide concentrations and influences the morphology of calcite precipitates.     

胡锦涛主席访日与当代中日关系

2006年10月安倍首相访华以来,中日关系出现了回暖的迹象。2008年5月6日至10日,胡锦涛主席的“暖春之旅”,为进一步改善中日关系提供了良好的契机。为扭转两国关系不断下滑的趋势,中日双方对这次访问都做了大量的准备工作。此次访问取得了一系列成果,本文解读了2008年5月7日签署的中日关系的第四个政治性文件,最后分析了这次访问对中日关系的影响。