The Lion Wreck: a survey of a 17th‐century Dutch merchant ship—an interim report

In 2009 the well‐preserved wreck of a 17th‐century merchant ship was found at a depth of 50 m in the Stockholm Archipelago. On the top of the ship's rudder is a carved lion, inspiring the working name ‘Lion Wreck’. The state of preservation provides a rare opportunity to study the conditions on board a typical 17th‐century Dutch merchant ship trading in the Baltic. The aim of this text is to describe and summarize the first thorough survey of the site, carried out in spring 2010. © 2011 The Author     

“西南”区域地理概念及范围的历史演变

"西南"区域地理概念及范围经历了长期的发展演变历程。先秦时期的"西南"主要包括巴和蜀。汉晋时期,"西南"区域概念正式确立,包括巴蜀和西南夷地区。唐宋时期,狭义的西南是指唐、宋王朝疆域内的西南地区,即唐代的剑南道、山南西道、黔中道,宋代的川峡四路;广义的西南还包括疆域外的南诏(大理)以及其它一些民族和王国。明清时期疆域内的"西南"出现了三种主要观点,较之前代范围有所扩大。近现代的"西南"概念发生了重大变化,只包括国家疆域内的西南各地。"西南"概念及范围受地理方位、地理环境、行政区划等因素的影响,具有动态性、模糊性、相对稳定性等特征,还有民族、边疆、政区、经济等多重含义。     

Lost at Sea: Finnish government,shipping companies and the United Nations embargo against China during the 1950s

Finnish Cold War foreign policy was based on the desire to stay out of all international disputes. Yet, during the 1950s, two Finnish tankers, Wiima and Aruba, received an enormous amount of foreign attention when they tried to sail to Communist China. The United Nations had urged all countries, including non-members such as Finland, to stop selling strategic goods to China, which had intervened in the Korean War. The embargo created a highly profitable opening in the shipping market for anyone willing to transport such goods, and Finnish companies tried to fill it. This article suggests that they were in fact undermining the embargo more extensively than has been generally known. When the Finns were criticized for their actions, they interpreted this as a sign of the ruthlessness of great powers. At first, the Finnish government failed to recognize that these companies drove the country into the middle of international conflict and then took little decisive action to steer the country out of it. The allegedly pragmatic Finnish foreign policy was in this case actually based on unreliable information and incorrect assumptions.     

Chicago goes global: redevelopment,culture, and fear

Chicago's remarkably flexible growth machine, like their brethren across Rust Belt America, continues to aggressively press forward to build an internationally competitive city. This paper deepens our understanding of Chicago's recently changed growth machine. It focuses on its current redevelopment narrative as it is used on the South Side and chronicles two new features about it: its revamped use of fear and its re-fashioned notion of culture. I flesh out these two elements as they circulate through a now dominant redevelopment program: historic preservation. I chronicle three points in this paper. First, programs like historic preservation, like so many current city programs, have now fully shifted to being a neoliberal economic development tool to promote the “go-global Chicago” project. Second, two dominant fears recently nuanced anchor the narrative: fear of a city-destroying globalization and fear of city-subverting poor African-Americans. Third, a revamped notion of culture is used that helps provide resonance and dark appeal to the two offered fears. The culture notion is put into play as two dominant things, as the idealized and timeless glue that unifies Chicago's mainstream and as problematic values and meanings carried by black bodies which renders them civic tainting “ocular trash”.     

From values to narrative: a new foundation for the conservation of historic buildings

Since its inception, modern conservation has derived the significance of a heritage asset from the identification and prioritisation of distinct classes of values. Different systems of values have been proposed, and the focus of the debate has been on the competing merits of such systems, with little attention paid to the genealogy of their theoretical foundation. If such values-based systems were ever appropriate, they are increasingly out of step with other areas of cultural life, and the resulting tensions are particularly manifested when considering change to historic buildings and environments. The currently under-theorised state of conservation is positively harmful both to the conservation professions and to the buildings we seek to protect. It is increasingly urgent therefore that we understand conservation’s philosophical origins, that we question the application of a late-nineteenth-century modernist approach to culture, and that we seek a better theoretical foundation.     

拉萨八廓历史文化街区旅游发展居民感知研究

历史街区是特定地域历史、社会、文化的核心载体,兼具遗产保护、旅游开发价值,在历史街区旅游发展过程中,如何平衡保护与开发是历史地段发展一直面临的挑战。拉萨市八廓街为"中国历史文化名街",代表着藏族历史文化街区的价值与特色,同时也是西藏集宗教、文化、旅游、商业为一体的重要旅游吸引物。本文以八廓街历史文化街区为例,通过实地观察及问卷调查等方式,探讨旅游开发影响与居民感知之间的关系。研究表明,旅游对于地方经济的积极效益已得到普遍肯定,但是旅游对历史街区的具体作用,尤其是对社会文化负面影响的表现是存在分异的,由此也形成了居民态度的差异。     

晚清中外船碰问题探论

两次鸦片战争之后,随着"条约制度"的形成,中国的江海航运权逐渐为外人所攘夺.由于西方航运势力的东侵,中国的江海航运呈现出多样化趋势.在此历史背景下,中外船只碰撞问题不可避免地产生了,而由船碰所生的中外交涉、华洋诉讼诸问题,则复杂多端.但中外各方,尤其是晚清政府所采取的应对措施以及颁布的一系列防碰章程,却成为中国近代海商立法之滥觞.     

商初贤相伊尹新论

对于贤相伊尹的研究,由于种种原因,仍处于误区之中。其一,多数介绍资料,都一致确认伊尹是有莘氏的家奴,善于烹调,以美味喻政治,因而得到成汤的重用。又有部分学者认为,伊尹为家奴说不可取,伊尹应是大巫,是宗教领袖,所以他能协助商汤灭夏建商。此说当今颇为流行。但证据不足,且从伊尹一生的政治生活来看,亦无相关行迹,因而此说也不可信。其二,伊尹放太甲于桐宫,三年见效,太甲复位,卒成名王;与另一说伊尹篡位自立,七年后太甲潜出,诛杀伊尹说,相提并论,缺乏选择与判断。后来虽有学者加以纠正,但论证力度不足,影响甚微。本文认为,伊尹本是夏朝贤臣,有高度的政治智慧,丰富的从政经验,他的离夏从汤,是明主与贤臣的双向选择,是历史的必然机遇。又认为太甲杀伊尹说证据不足,只有伊尹教诲太甲说是正确的。     

由“乾隆大阅甲”的修复谈文物的修复原则

本文针对在“乾隆大阅甲”修复过程中所涉及到的种种问题进行了详细地分析和论述,深入探讨了对文物修复原则的理解,同时,列举实例阐明国内、外的文物修复惯例和要求。在遵循文物保护的基本原则———“不改变文物原状”的前提下,制定出修复方案,得到了满意的修复效果。最后,在理论探讨与实际修复的基础上,得出这样一个结论:要综合考虑所修文物的时代、文化背景和传统习惯等,并结合现代科学技术与手段,具体问题具体分析,目的是体现文物的三个价值。对于修复标准来讲,是没有绝对和唯一的,一件文物的修复只有最适宜的方案,而无标准方案。     

地铁站点可达性、客流与站点商圈零售商业结构关系研究——以广州市为例

地铁与城市商业地域的结构存在极大关系。实地调查获取广州15个地铁站点商圈零售商业营业面积、地铁网络等数据,利用栅格分析方法计算不同地铁站点的可达性程度的差异性。运用回归模型分析不同地铁站点可达性、客流与站点商圈零售商业空间结构的相关关系。以广州天河市级商业中心为例,微观上分析地铁站点客流对商业中心空间结构的影响。结果表明:地铁站点交通可达性、客流量与站点零售商业营业面积存在较强关联性,但换乘站点的可达优势与客流优势在商业上未能完全体现;地铁客流与较高等级的商业存在较大的相关性,而与低等级的商业相关性小,甚至负相关;客流的增加促进了地铁附近的商业形态从传统零售业向更高级业种演化。