Brazil's Amazon Fund: A “Green Fix” between Offset Pressures and Deforestation Crisis

Emissions trading and nature-based solutions, particularly REDD+, have lent themselves to the critical literature on the “socioecological fix” in neoliberal capital accumulation and state regulation. Prone to reversals, land conflict, and leakage, these mechanisms displace the burden of carbon emissions reductions to global South countries, promote new green commodities, and thus increase rather than curb the chance of capital accumulations by big polluters. Studies of existing REDD+ projects register the privatisation of forest management on the one hand and “aidification” on the other, suggesting impediments to fully commodifying forest carbon ranging from social movement resistance to technical issues. This case study of Brazil's national Amazon Fund points to global South protagonism in constructing and negotiating REDD+, challenging Northern and market hegemonies. Progressive Southern actors use the political space of the fix to defend rural communities' territorial rights and demand resources in line with historic responsibilities and climate justice.     

Endocranial lesions in non‐adult skeletons: understanding their aetiology

Reactive new bone on the endocranial surface of the skull in non‐adults has recently received a lot of attention in the palaeopathological literature. These features appear as layers of new bone on the original cortical surface, expanding around meningeal vessels, as isolated plaques, ‘hair‐on‐end’ extensions of the diploë or, as ‘capillary’ impressions extending into the inner lamina of the cranium. These lesions are commonly found on the occipital bone, outlining the cruciate eminence, but have also been recorded on the parietal and frontal bones, and appear to follow the areas of venous drainage. Although recognized as resulting from haemorrhage or inflammation, their precise aetiology is still a matter of controversy. This paper outlines their possible causes and examines their nature and distribution in a group of non‐adults from four archaeological sites in England. It is recommended that, when recording these lesions in the future, additional skeletal pathologies, the age of the child, and nature and distribution of the lesions also be taken into account. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Daily growth increments on fish otoliths as seasonality indicators on archaeological sites: The Tilapia from late palaeolithic Makhadma in Egypt

Daily growth increments in fish otoliths have been demonstrated for the first time on Quaternary sagittae from a late palaeolithic site in Egypt and they have allowed us to establish the season of fishing. Transverse sections of tilapia sagittae studied under light-microscope demonstrate that recrystallization during diagenesis renders the majority of the margins unreadable. The well-preserved otoliths, however, all have widely spaced outer growth lines, indicating that the fish died during a period of fast growth which coincides with the flood season. Moreover, counting the daily increments showed that late palaeolithic man captured the animals on the floodplain of the Nile after the maximum of the flood, when residual pools were present.     

长春地区城镇体系时空关联的异速生长分析：1949～1988

运用分形思想和系统理论分析了长春地区各城镇40年间(1949～988)的异速生长关系及其分形演化过程,发现城镇体系时空关联的分维图式随着社会经济环境具有空间分异特征和时段阶变性质：只有具备健康的社会经济环境,城镇体系才能形成良好的分形性态。文章从时空关联的角度验证了城市系统的适应性假设和地理分形结构的优化猜想。     

信息化对中国区域经济的影响

本文从信息化设施和信息产业两方面来认识区域信息化水平,对中国各省区的信息化水平进行了定量估算和综合评价。在区域信息化水平测度的基础上,本文从以下两方面分析了信息化的区域影响。作为区域经济的一个部门,研究结果显示中国大部分省区信息产业与区域经济增长呈现了不同程度的正的相关性。文章重点分析了信息化设施溢出对区域经济的影响。运用相应的经济增长核算模型,分单区域和两区域研究信息化设施溢出对经济增长的贡献。估算结果显示信息化设施溢出的增长作用存在区域差异。在作用机制上,单区域信息化设施的溢出与两区域的情况也有差异。     

城市空间扩散增长模型与模拟

城市模型模拟是上世纪90年代上半期形成并迅速发展的地学计算理论、方法与应用研究的最重要领域,国外以M. Batty为代表的规划与地理学家们进行了开创性的研究,取得了很多有用成果。本文借鉴这些学者的研究思路,从城市土地利用与开发的视角,利用疾病感染、传播机理的模拟方法,研究城市空间扩展、演化动力学过程的模型模拟问题;为模拟城市土地开发利用在不同阶段的表现与特征,研究了基本模型的不同变换形式;讨论了基于细胞自动机模型的城市空间扩展模型的计算结构,依据模拟结果,探讨了以城市形态扩展特征为指标进行城市分类的可行性,尝试对城市地理学的模型模拟方法作一拓展。     

经济发展与环境保护之关系研究

本文运用可持续发展理论阐述了区域经济发展与生态环境保护之间的关系。文中分析了对环境与发展之间关系的两种认识误区:不计自然成本的经济增长决定论的发展观念和消极保护自然环境的零增长观念。并阐述了可持续发展观对于环境与发展之间关系的认识,树立环境与发展相互协调的观点,追求经济、生态、社会三位一体的发展。针对我国的实际情况,提出坚持可持续发展,走环境与发展相结合的道路,必须:转变经济增长方式;控制人口数量、提高人口素质;采取节约型资源战略,开展资源综合利用;加强环境治理,保护生态平衡。     

Experimental study of aqueous fluid infiltration into quartzite: implications for the kinetics of fluid redistribution and grain growth driven by interfacial energy reduction

To investigate the kinetics of interfacial energy‐driven fluid infiltration, experiments were carried out in a quartzite–water system at 621–925°C and 0.8 GPa. Infiltration couples were made by juxtaposing presynthesized dry quartzite cylinders and fluid reservoirs. The infiltration process was confirmed by the presence of pores at the quartzite grain edges. As predicted from theoretical considerations and previous experiments, wetting fluids such as pure water and NaCl aqueous solution infiltrated into quartzite, whereas nonwetting CO₂‐rich fluids did not. Newly precipitated quartz layers at the surfaces of the infiltrated sample proved that infiltration took place by a dissolution–precipitation mechanism. The enhancement of grain growth by fluid infiltration was observed over the entire range of experimental temperatures. The fluid fraction, gauged by the porosity of the run products, increases at the infiltration front and then decreases towards the fluid reservoir to form a high‐porosity zone with a maximum porosity of 2.3–2.9%. As infiltration proceeds, the high‐porosity zone advances like a travelling wave. This porosity wave is probably caused by a grain curvature gradient resulting from preferential grain growth in the infiltrated part of the quartzite, perhaps combined with other factors. The infiltration kinetics were modelled with a steady‐state diffusion model over the high‐porosity zone. The solubility difference between dissolving and precipitating grains was deduced to be 2 × 10^?2?3 × 10^?1 wt %. The experimentally obtained infiltration rate of aqueous fluid in the steady‐state diffusion regime (2 ± 0.5 × 10^?8 m sec^?1 at 823°C) is much faster than the estimated metamorphic fluid flux rates, so that interfacial energy‐driven fluid redistribution in quartz‐rich layers could significantly contribute to the fluid flux in high‐grade metamorphism, at least over a short distance. Cathodoluminescence observations of the run products revealed that the grain growth of quartzite in the presence of fluid proceeds extensively, which would promote the chemical equilibration between fluid and rock more effectively than would volume diffusion in quartz crystals.     

1990年以来兰州市的城市空间扩展研究

在GIS技术支持下,根据兰州市1990年、1995年和2000年的土地利用现状图,以及2004年的卫星影像图,提取了1990年以来兰州市的城市空间扩展信息,并利用年均扩展指数(AGI),分析了兰州市1990-1995年、1995-2000年和2000-2004年三个研究时段城市空间扩展变化的空间分异特征。研究表明:1990-1995年处于快速扩展期,1995-2000年处于缓慢扩展期,2000-2004年处于高速扩展期。城市空间扩展主要发生在城关区和安宁区,主要表现为圈层式扩展与内部填充式两种过程。最后,探讨了兰州市空间扩展机制,重点采用相关分析法分析了兰州市空间扩展的主要影响因素。     

绿色建筑概念下历史文化名城保护综合评价研究

本文以青海省同仁历史文化名城保护规划为例,从绿色建筑概念出发,结合我国国情和时代特点,利用AHP模型构建了"历史文化名城保护综合评价指标体系"。要求历史文化名城保护规划、设计遵循绿色建筑的设计方法,着眼于对地方技术及建筑历史的尊重、资源与能源的有效利用、防止环境污染,确保从建筑单体到城市整体环境逐步实现自然生态、社会生态、经济生态和历史文化生态的平衡、协调发展。使得管理部门、规划师、建筑师、业主等能够更加明确评价项目的依据以及可采用的改进措施等,也可实现从多个规划、设计方案中进行优选。