试论抗战时期国民政府的粮食供应与配给

抗战时期,为了支持抗战,维持军心民心,确保国统区人民生活的基本稳定,国民政府在实施田赋征实的基础上对全国军公民粮实行定量供应和配给。这一战时特殊粮食统制措施的实施,保障了抗战后期军粮民食的供应,稳定了后方社会秩序,成效较为明显,为坚持抗战作出了一定贡献。     

华北沦陷区粮食的生产与流通

抗日战争时期,日伪特别重视对华北沦陷区粮食的掠夺。尽管在太平洋战争爆发前更重视棉花的增产,但除日伪强力推行植棉的地区外,华北沦陷区的农民仍以种植粮食作为农耕的第一选择。日本的军事侵略及统治,严重破坏了农村的农业生产力,粮食的播种面积及单产量都比七七事变前减少,粮食的流通渠道、机构、方向、手段等都受到了影响。粮食流通的初级市场———集市减少,农民多在自家庭院卖给前来收购的小贩;一些粮栈或货栈成为日本商社的收购人;大城市粮栈的运输职能丧失;一些粮食集散市场的中转职能改变;铁路、卡车及牲畜运输量的增加,也从一个侧面反映了日伪交通统制的重点和薄弱环节所在。     

20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易对中国的重要意义

1960年中国首次从加拿大进口粮食度荒,并由此改变此前的粮食自给自足现状。中 加小麦贸易不仅可以巩固粮食安全、促进农业改革,也可使中国重返加拿大与西方市场,使外贸渠 道多样化,同时还促进了中加建交、打破美国的封锁孤立政策。     

粮食安全与中国耕地关系的动态调整——基于1980～2004年中国虚拟耕地及其贸易的研究

虚拟耕地是指从具体农产品实物中抽象出来的耕地资源消耗,有了这样一个概念,作为一种不可移易的资源的耕地就可以虚拟地依存于具体农产品的贸易中,并成为一种可以在地区或国际间进行流动和贸易的虚拟资源。对1980～2004年中国虚拟耕地及其贸易量的分析表明,新时期以来,中国粮食虚拟进口耕地和出口耕地对国际市场的依存度都较小;目前中国虚拟耕地贸易最重要的主体已经由粮食让位于油料,影响虚拟耕地数量的主要因素已经不是粮食安全而是生活质量,这是一种更高层次的粮食安全。粮食安全的政治性决定了粮食的战略产品性质,因此任何时候都不能放松粮食生产,但中国应该动态把握耕地的有机调整。     

From the modern to the archaeological: starch grains from millets and their wild relatives in China

Starch grains from 31 modern samples of millets derived from the seeds of 7 species within the genus Setaria and 2 species within the genus Panicum were analyzed to determine diagnostic morphological characteristics. Ancient starch grains recovered from a sample of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) excavated from the Cishan site (10.0-7.6 cal yr BP) in the North China Plain were then subjected to the same analyses to determine the differences in morphologies, if any, between modern and ancient samples. The data indicate that morphological features, and particularly surface and fissure features, will allow for solid identifications of ancient millet starches, while size classes will be helpful, but will not be dependable taxonomic indicators.     

Cryogenic vitrification and 3D serial sectioning using high resolution cryo‐FIB SEM technology for brine‐filled grain boundaries in halite: first results

The structure of brine films in grain boundaries of halite has been the subject of much controversy over the past 20 years; although a number of innovative methods have been developed to study these structures, much is still unknown and fundamental information is missing. In this study, we investigated different methods of plunge‐freezing to vitrify the brine fill of grain boundaries for natural salt polycrystal. This was followed by a preliminary study of the 3D morphology of a vitrified grain boundary in a natural rock salt sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) excavation system. We have shown that brine‐filled grain boundaries in rock salt can be efficiently well frozen when dimensions are less than about 1 mm. Coupled with an ion beam tool, cryo‐SEM allows 3D observation of the well‐frozen grain boundaries in large volumes and high resolution. Initial results of brine‐filled natural halite grain boundaries show non‐faceted crystal–brine interfaces and unexpectedly low dihedral angles at room temperature and pressure.     

中国港口粮食运输格局演变及其动力机制

粮食运输关乎中国民生大计,而港口是其网络中的重要节点。本文以中国港口为研究对象,着眼于1982-2013年,从进出港、进出口等角度,深入考察中国港口在国内外贸易中的职能分工与变化,归纳其空间模式。同时,从粮食生产分布、产需差异、需求结构、政策等方面探讨其格局演变的动力机制。研究发现,中国港口粮食运输能力不断增强,出港格局先是“向环渤海地区集聚”再“轻度分散”,进港格局则从“以北方港口为主”向“较为分散”演化,环渤海港口一直承担着中国粮食的出口职能,粮食进口则由“北进”向“南北同进”模式演变。     

新中国区际粮食流通的三次变化及其原因分析

新中国50多年间,粮食流通经历了计划调拨到市场调节的变化过程。在这一变化过程中,粮食流向流量发生了由南粮北调到北粮南运到北出南进乃至南北同出三次历史性变化。通过对这一过程和相关因素的分析可以看出,这三次重大的历史变化既是中国区域经济在市场化主导下非均衡发展的结果,同时,它又将对区域经济和国民经济、世界经济的进一步发展和调整产生重大的影响。     

Starch grain characterization of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz and P. flexuosa DC,and the analysis of their archaeological remains in Andean South America

The fruit (pods) of Prosopis (Fabaceae) are frequently recovered from pre-Hispanic Argentinian archaeological sites, suggesting that this genus was of importance in ancient economies in this region. Yet it is only recently that archaeobotanists have begun to carry out systematic research into this genus. Therefore many questions remain to be addressed concerning the food value of Prosopis fruit, and its potential contribution. This paper examines starch from the pods of two species, Prosopis flexuosa and Prosopis chilensis, for the purposes of describing and classifying their morphological features and biometrical parameters. Pods of both species were gathered from two extremes (northern and southern) of the Hualfín Valley, Catamarca, Argentina. Starch abundance is estimated and compared with that of Zea mays, an economically important plant with high concentrations of starch. This paper reveals that Prosopis pods contain very low amounts of starch compared to starch-rich edible species. Despite this, the recovery of Prosopis starch grains can be successfully used to assess archaeological tool uses. Prosopis starch grains were found to be highly variable in shape. Grain size ranged between 10 and 20 μm. Granule irregularity and the high birefringence under polarized light are two of the most important diagnostic features. No significant statistical differences were found in the structure (morphology, size and hilum) of the starch of the same species from both localities. Finally, the implications for the role of this plant in past societies are discussed.     

试论清代的漕粮海运文化

晚清漕运的主体方式是海运,在6口余年的海运过程中,逐渐形成了以祭祀海神、修建会馆和撰写诗歌为特色的海运文化。这一独特文化现象的出现,既是清代漕粮海运的重要组成部分,也是当时社会风尚的合理延伸。