Multicultural group work on field excursions to promote student teachers’ intercultural competence

As a response to the intercultural challenges of Geography Education, this study seeks to determine factors fostering intercultural competence of student teachers. Based on a one-week multicultural field excursion of eight German and eight Turkish students in Kayseri (Turkey) on Education for Sustainable Development, we used qualitative interviews to evaluate changes in the 16 student teachers’ intercultural competence. Findings strongly indicate that multicultural fieldwork fosters intercultural learning on a personal level.     

Functional analysis of prehistoric flint tools by high-power microscopy: A review of West European research

The present paper is a review of the functional analysis of prehistoric flint tool edges by means of high-power microscopy. The article, which focuses exclusively on West European research, discusses a series of methodological issues and problems related to the development and distinctiveness of the so-called wear polishes, produced by the various materials with which prehistoric stone tools came in contact. A selection of functional observations on tool use from the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic, and the Neolithic periods is presented. The archaeological part of the review is concerned with two trends in functional analysis, namely, (1) controlled site-specific studies with different levels of foci and (2) thematic studies of particular tool types, e.g., endscrapers, burins, and unmodified débitage. Finally, problems concerning the interpretation of hafting and of multiple tool use are discussed.     

淮海文化及其形成的地理环境

本讨论了淮海化的源流及其形成的自然与人地理环境。指出包括现今苏北、鲁南、皖北、豫东等在内的淮海地域,主要是由淮河、黄河冲击而成的平原。稠密的河湖、肥沃的土地、暖湿的气候等自然条件十分有利于古人类的活动,并随着自然环境的演变,自古以来逐渐形成了一种相对独立的地域化模式。这里是中国古代明的发祥地之一。     

黄河沿岸人地关系与发展

文明的产生与扩散是人地相互作用的反映,不同的文明与不同的地理环境密切相关,不同发展阶段的文明又反映了不同类别的地理要素的组合及其共同作用。产生古文明的区域,在新的发展阶段由于地理环境优势的变化,又面临着严峻的发展挑战。本文分析了黄河文明的起源、扩散与地理环境的关系,黄河特殊的"曲流"形式以及中国特殊的地形阶梯及气候带与晋商的形成,黄河沿岸东西、南北经济的相互作用及其现代发展滞后的地理因素的影响,得出了一些新的观点。在此观点的基础上,本文认为黄河沿岸的现代发展应该考虑:由河流治理为主转变为发展为主,重新认识黄河流域特殊的地理要素和社会文化要素的优势,充分利用黄河沿岸的上下互动、两岸腹地的左右互动,系统地考虑和反思黄河对国家和沿岸地区发展的综合作用,综合谋划黄河沿岸地区的发展。     

中国古代城市选址研究方法的反思

以往关于中国古代城市选址的研究多注重宏观因素,本文认为虽然这些宏观要素对于城市选址起到了一定的决定因素,但城址最终是由人来选择的,而人对于各种因素、利弊必然有着不同的认识,其结果不是一种必然。地理因素或者宏观因素在很大程度上决定了在某一区域中可能会产生城市,但是否产生了城市以及城市的微观选址则是由人决定的。这些问题是以往研究所忽视的。本文认为城市选址是一种过程,是一种以人为主体的"人地关系"。     

Lead pigments and related tools at Akrotiri,Thera, Greece. Provenance and application techniques

This paper refers to an investigation of finds that are associated with the raw materials and tools for the preparation or use of lead pigments at Akrotiri on Thera, Greece, during the Early, Middle and Late Cycladic Bronze Age (c. 3000–1600 BC). For the detection and the preliminary characterisation of remains of pigments that were found on stone tools, the in situ application of X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be invaluable. In order to identify the chemical composition of the pigments and to investigate their provenance from a geological perspective, quantitative X-Ray Diffraction analysis was conducted. A thorough visual macro and microscopic examination of the morphology of the materials permitted the determination of physical features (colour, homogeneity, grain size) as indicators of their nature or degree of processing. Based on the results of these analyses, the traces of lead oxides that were detected on the stone tools are associated with specific collections of litharge items discovered at the settlement of Akrotiri, and probably provide evidence of their earliest use in preparing pigments.     

What novice knappers have to learn to become expert stone toolmakers

The aim of this paper was to determine what technical gestures must be learned in order to produce stone tools. To identify these gestures, we compared the performance of expert knappers and complete novices. We hypothesised that the differences between novices and experts would indicate which technical gestures experts had learned to successfully produce stone tools. Participants were video recorded while attempting to produce a crude handaxe. The recordings were analysed according to ethological methods used to study animal and human behaviour. The knapping performance of each participant was segmented and scored into units in order to identify the technical gestures being used. The results showed considerable differences between experts and novices in three technical gestures: the type of percussion support, the position of the blank and the angle of blow. Therefore, these three technical gestures appear to be crucial in learning to knap stone at the level of bifacial stone toolmakers. By studying how modern knappers gradually master these three technical gestures we may begin to understand how stone knapping is acquired, how bifacial stone tools emerged and what cognitive challenges early handaxe makers had to face.     

西汉铁官“大器”问题探讨

西汉铁官作坊生产的"大器"是装有犁鐴的大型铁犁,是为了满足政府推行代田法,特制的一种耦犁,大多供应于政府组织生产的西北垦区等地。     

论北齐文士的地理分布——以“待诏文林馆”籍贯为考察中心

“文林馆”是北齐后期设置的文学机构,曾经带“待诏文林馆”官衔的文人前后有68人。由入馆文人籍贯可以推断,北齐文士主要来自于北方士族,尤其是山东士族。北齐文坛以北方士族为主体,在加入南方士族之后,邺下出现了建安之后的第二次文学兴盛。北齐文士地理来源分布的不平衡是由于政治形势的变化造成的,文士来自于不同的地域,客观上为南北文学在此时开始相对成熟的对话提供了条件。