Common property mapping and the preservation of traditional rights in Chesapeake Bay's oyster fishery, 1892–1914

Conflicts over oysters intensified along the US mid-Atlantic coast as traditional management of these valuable resources broke down in the late nineteenth century. In response, states founded management agencies, and mapping oysters was one of their first activities. Virginia and Maryland's first cartographers favored privatizing common property, an alteration that would have displaced thousands of oystermen and benefited wealthier segments of the industry. Cartographers sought to use maps to expand privatization; however, Chesapeake Bay oystermen were numerous enough to wield political influence, and they rejected one of the first major surveys and shaped the production of the other two, using them to protect their common property while making these rights visible to the State. Many conservation practices in the eastern USA grew out of local people's traditions, and this study explores the role of the mapping process amid the broader context of a shift in the scale of management to state agencies.     

Darwin to Einstein: Primary sources on science and belief

R.G. Collingwood defined historical knowledge as essentially ‘scientific’, and saw the historian's task as the ‘re-enactment of past thoughts’. The author argues the need to go beyond Collingwood, first by demonstrating the authenticity of available evidence, and secondly, using Namier as an example, by considering methodology as well as epistemology, and the need to relate past thoughts to their present context. The ‘law of the consumption of time’ encourages historians to focus on landmark events, theories and generalisations, thus breaking from Collingwood's emphasis on fidelity to past ideas and interpreting the past from the concepts of the present. This conflict can only be reconciled by the study of historiography.     

Living in the tenth century. Mentalities and social orders

In his series of lectures, Le pouvoir psychiatrique, Michel Foucault employs concepts from the military field of knowledge in order to analyse the founding scenes of psychiatry. I focus on three issues connected to Foucault's use of these military terms. Firstly, I examine why Foucault was reluctant to use concepts from sociology and psychology in Le pouvoir psychiatrique and how this affects the notions that he had formulated in his earlier work, Histoire de la folie. Secondly, I show how he challenges traditional understandings of the founding scenes of psychiatry by using concepts from a different field of knowledge. In doing this, he creates metaphors, and this is something that he himself had previously been critical of doing. Thirdly, I reflect upon the fact that Foucault's creative use of concepts from different disciplines and examples from different historical times can be related to episodes in his own life; I argue why it is important to supplement a structural analysis with linguistic, phenomenological and hermeneutical ones.     

Implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems to Preserve Cultural Heritage — Pilot Motte Montferland

The shallow subsurface in historic cities often contains extensive archaeological remains, also known as cultural deposits. Preservation conditions for naturally degradable archaeological remains are strongly dependent on the presence or absence of groundwater. One of the main goals at such heritage sites is to establish a stable hydrological environment. Green infrastructural solutions such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) can support preservation of cultural deposits. Several cases show that implementation of SUDS can be cost effective at preservation of cultural deposits. These include Motte of Montferland, City mound of Vlaardingen, Weiwerd in Delfzijl, and the Leidse Rijn area. In all cases, the amount of underground infrastructure is minimised to prevent damaging cultural layers. SUDS have been implemented to preserve cultural heritage. The first monitoring results and evaluation of the processes give valuable lessons learned, transnational knowledge exchange is an important element to bring the experiences across boundaries.     

中外滑雪旅游的比较研究

本文就滑雪旅游历史进程、自然地理条件、滑雪地与滑雪场建设、客源市场状况等方面进行中外对比,旨在促进我国滑雪旅游业稳步、持续地发展。     

知识经济时代与城市地理研究的新视角

21世纪将是知识经济的时代,以知识为基础的经济正广泛而深刻地影响着人类社会和城市发展的方方面面。这既为城市地理学的发展提供了机遇,同时也提出了严峻的挑战。本文阐述了知识经济的基本内涵,分析和预测了知识经济时代城市发展的若干趋势,并指出在新形势下,城市地理学只有开拓进取,积极创新,以全新的视角审视学科的研究理论、内容与方法,才能在知识经济浪潮中立于不败之地。     

岭南文化区域系统分析

从整体的发展历程来看,岭南文化是中华民族文化中最具特色、最活跃的区域文化之一。岭南文化区域在历史上曾是中国经济文化最发达的地区之一;本世纪末的改革开放20年来,岭南地区成了一块经济发展的热土,使岭南文化一跃成为推动中国经济发展的高势能文化之一。岭南文化在其孕育、成长、定型和演变过程当中受自然与社会环境的影响很大,构成了其特有的文化整合与演变模式。本文从区域系统分析的角度对岭南文化进行初步研究,得出结论:(1)岭南文化是山水型的实用文化;(2)岭南文化是开放性和兼容性极强的区域文化;(3)重实践,讲创新,少说多干是岭南文化的精髓;(4)岭南文化系统在发展变化过程中,形成了独特的南国文化景观。     

论地理策划本质及实施要点

地理学和地理教育需要顺应国家经济发展的形式,在理论与实践层面不断创新,尤其是在应用层面将人文与自然要素结合起来,建立一个符合市场运作需求的综合理论体系。地理策划是策划人通过创新性思维和理念,发现、发掘、提升和实现地理系统要素价值的过程,是地理研究成果转化成价值的关键环节。它不仅包括区域性课题,还包括广泛的地理要素和地理事件的价值发现与创造过程。通过对地理策划关键问题的梳理,构建了地理策划的基本理论框架,以使地理学更直接地面向市场。     

中国古代地缘政治空间结构过程及模式研究

中国古代地缘政治的发展过程具有一种长周期内的重复态势。地理环境是空间结构存在的大尺度控制和自然基础。空间结构的动态过程包括秦以前结构的发生、发展和演变,秦以后结构的融合、扩散和模式化,反映中国古代地理政治化和政治地理化的两个阶段。结构模式的静态分析,初步揭示了结构的一些重要功能特性,主要有强大的整体功能,独特的边缘效应和通过圈层同构,结构复制所展现出来的稳定性的复杂表现。对中国古代地缘政治空间结构的分析,是大尺度的整体轮廓研究,随着空间结构研究尺度的细化,可进一步对中国古代政治过程的诸多特性做出结构主义的揭示,从而推动中国古代政治历史研究的深化。     

区域知识管理的目标、原则与方式研究

为了能动响应信息化、全球化带来的机遇与挑战,在动态市场中持续发展,以及解决区域内部知识生产、知识交换和知识分配等方面的问题,区域必须进行有效的知识管理。作为知识系统,区域知识管理目标应该是如何设计出一个适应系统,强化私人主体和公共机构的知识生产能力和知识价值实现能力,管理的核心在于激励私人创造知识的积极性和公共管理的核心在于激励私人的创造知识的积极性和公共知识流通与分配方面。区域知识管理必须遵循人本主义原则、遵循市场规律原则、区域性原则和制度学习原则,并相应采用多级管理模式。