中俄两国早期工业化道路比较

19世纪50、60年代,在资本主义生产关系尚未占优势的情况下,俄中两国先后启动了工业化。至第一次世界大战前,俄国工业化成就斐然,成为世界五大工业强国之一,而中国工业化成效甚微,与俄国存在着巨大的差距。造成如此结局的原因也许有很多,但两国工业化道路的差异应是其中的重要因素。中国工业化以军事工业起步,俄国以纺织工业为先导;中国政府不扶植私人工业发展,对私人企业横加摧残盘剥,俄国积极扶植私人企业发展,且利用外资,官民并举;中国政府不重视铁路建设,俄国以铁路建设为龙头,带动其他各业发展;中国政治改革滞后,工业化与政治近代化脱节,俄国政治改革紧随其后,与工业化紧密相联,产生了良好的促进作用。     

江苏省城市化质量的区域差异时空分析

根据城市化的内涵及推进城市化的目的,从人口城市化、经济城市化、居民生活城市化、景观环境城市化和基础设施城市化等五个方面,构建区域城市化质量的综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法,对2001-2009年江苏县市城市化质量进行综合测度,并以此为变量,运用差异系数,对江苏县市城市化质量差异的演变过程与空间格局进行定量分析。结果发现:2001-2009年江苏区域城市化质量差异总体扩大的基础上呈现先扩大后缩小趋势,且主要表现为经济发展质量差异、基础设施质量差异和居民生活质量差异,人口发展质量差异和景观环境质量差异则相对较小;在空间上,县市城市化质量提升有向环太湖地区不断极化的态势。其中,地级市区以向下收敛为主;苏中和苏北县域以向上收敛为主,而沿海地区县域以向下发散为主;苏南地区的沿江县域以向下收敛为主,环太湖县域则以向上发散为主。     

History,Geography and Difference in the Post‐socialist World: Or,Do We Still Need Post‐Socialism?

Abstract: This paper seeks to build on ongoing work in east central Europe and the former Soviet Union—in geography and beyond—to think through the conceptualisation of post‐socialism. The rationale for this is threefold. Firstly, we see a need to understand post‐socialist conditions as they are lived and experienced by those in the region. Secondly, we seek to challenge the persistent tendency to marginalise the experiences of the non‐western world in a discourse of globalisation and universalisation. Thirdly, we identify a need to ask how the conditions of post‐socialism reshape our theorising more widely. Centring our analysis on history, geography and difference, we review a wide range of perspectives on the socialist and post‐socialist, but argue for a strategic essentialism that recognises post‐socialist difference without eclipsing differences. In outlining how we might understand history, geography and difference in post‐socialism, we draw on key theorisations from post‐colonialism (such as the articulation of the post‐ with the pre‐, the relationship to the west, the rethinking of histories/categories, the end of the post) and outline post‐socialisms that are partial and not always explanatory but nevertheless important.     

‘Rearranging the ground’:1 public and private space in Belfast,Northern Ireland

This article examines imaginings and uses of place in the city of Belfast which challenge the conventionally gendered and sectarian place discourses dominating politics and society in Northern Ireland. These alternative imaginings are articulated in two artworks, ‘Home’, by Mary McIntyre, and ‘Street Signs’, by Aisling O'Beirn. I present readings of these pieces with reference to concepts of public and private which signify through socio-political, geographical and psychological orderings of space. Focusing on the construction of public and private space allows me to approach the issue of sectarian territorialisation in Belfast obliquely, while recognising its physical and psychological potency and the complexity of its operations; further, it facilitates the exploration of how gender and memory are made to matter spatially, in general and specifically in Belfast. This analytical perspective clarifies certain exclusions and oppressions inherent in the framing of space, but also offers understandings of how these may be destabilised, allowing unorthodox or marginal identities and practices to emerge as co-constituents of space.     

‘The races and conditions of men’: women in nineteenth-century geography school texts in the United States

Geography schoolbooks published in the United States were important opinion makers in the nineteenth century, often joining the Bible as the main source of information about the world outside North America. The texts examined here are noteworthy for their static and pejorative treatment of non-American cultures and may be seen as playing a key role in forming isolationist and chauvinist American public opinion. They also played a role in reinforcing ideas about the proper niche for women in American society, even though it may seem at first that these books could not have had much influence on ideas about American women because they barely mentioned women, almost always relegating them to illustrations and captions. The few women depicted were usually characterized as ‘poor souls’ in distant lands worthy of pity. We discuss the national political context in which these writers (many of whom were women) were producing geography school texts, the social roles they were fulfilling by reinforcing such limited images of ‘foreign’ women, and the sources they may have used in their research. Furthermore, we demonstrate that much more could have been drawn ethnographically from the illustrations of women. The images of women in these geography schoolbooks reinforced the marginalization of women, particularly non-white and non-western women.     

旅游目的地区域国内旅游花费的差异性分析——以西安市五一黄金周为例

旅游花费由客源地花费、路途花费和旅游目的地花费三部分构成,游客的旅游目的地花费结构和花费水平客观地反映了目的地旅游产业部门结构的合理性及旅游业发展水平。以西安地区国内游客黄金周旅游花费为研究对象,选取旅游花费水平及花费结构指标,利用SPSS12.0中的聚类分析将国内游客划分为三类:高、中、低消费游客群,通过对不同消费水平的游客群的研究,得出如下结论:西安地区以中低消费游客群为主体,停留时间、旅游目的等旅游消费行为因素是影响国内游客旅游花费水平的主要因素。增加参与性、体验性旅游活动项目,加大旅游商品及娱乐产品的开发力度,是提高国内游客在西安花费水平的根本途径。     

‘Ultramodern Contraception’ Re-Examined

The family planning literature considers behavioural family planning methods ‘ineffective’ because their users are not motivated to control their fertility. While this is true for the initial stages of fertility transition, studies report that urban, educated, and affluent women—propelled by a reaction against the medicalisation of the female body by Western technology—mainly use behavioural family planning methods. This elite group has the skill and knowledge to use such methods effectively. The term ‘ultramodern contraception’ has been coined to describe this phenomenon. This paper critically re-examines the ‘ultramodern contraception’ theory, and argues that it has certain limitations. Analysing three rounds of National Family Health Survey data for India, we argue that reliance on such methods may be a transient phase in the reproductive cycle of women, specifically before the desired gender parity of children is attained. Moreover, it may also be a manifestation of son preference.     

Future Characteristics of the Elderly in Developing Countries and Their Implications for Policy

This paper explores barriers leading to continuing low levels of girls' schooling in Pakistan. More specifically, and for rural areas, the authors examine the barriers stemming from culturally associated gender in schooling, focusing, in particular, on school availability and constraints on female mobility. Logistic regressions of enrolment and attrition using secondary data from the National Adolescent and Youth Survey show that even after taking school availability into account, girls in households allowing unrestricted mobility to school had 1.5 times higher odds of ever being enrolled than those who required an escort. Once in school, the need for an escort implied 1.6 times higher odds of dropping out. The paper concludes that while investment in girls' schools, and to secondary level, is paramount for starting and continuing in school, the potential benefits will only be fully realised with accompanying measures which facilitate rural girls' mobility.     

Landscapes of impunity and the deaths of Americans LaVena Johnson and Sandra Bland

On July 19th, 2005, American Army Private First Class LaVena Johnson died in Balad, Iraq, just 8?days shy of her 20th birthday. On July 13th, 2015, almost 10?years later, 28-year-old Sandra Bland’s life came to an abrupt end in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas. Both women’s deaths were ruled suicides, and both women’s families and friends reject these judgments. Instead, they insinuate foul play by the state, which directly governed the militarized spaces within which the women both died. At first glance, these women appear to have had very different life trajectories, one a United States soldier and the other a Black Lives Matter activist. However, in both of their cases, the ruling of the suspicious deaths as suicides illustrates the state’s attempt to render their deaths banal, and thereby diminish the state’s own culpability. In understanding the unremitting acts of violence, on women’s bodies, especially women of color, this paper focuses on how a Black feminist praxis extends feminist notions of an ethics of care.