Women’s sense of farming: ecofeminism in sustainable farming and local food in Vermont,U.S.A

Abstract

Women’s Sense of Farming is a qualitative study of women farming as part of the local food movement in Vermont, U.S.A. The study puts the lives of women farmers in conversation with ecofeminist theory in order to examine how women farmers simultaneously enact critiques of culture, while also mimicking dominant narratives. The study subjects’ narratives of their lives show how they navigate the reason/nature dualism (as articulated by philosopher Val Plumwood). The result of the study is a set of values and experiences that show the successes and challenges of local food farmers working toward social, environmental, and economic sustainability.     

Eating Archaeology: Experimenting with Food in Public Outreach

Public engagement is becoming increasingly common practice in archaeological projects, capitalizing on the interactions of field archaeologists with local communities as well as with the descendants of the people under study, in a variety of ways: from the use of social media to engaging the local public with onsite presentations and exhibitions. However, public engagement efforts are often less robust when archaeologists return to their home institutions, with most of the researchers’ time and energies spent fulfilling their academic duties. Interactions between archaeologists and their local communities — those closer to their home institutions — are often minimal, creating insular university departments. To secure a future as a vibrant, relevant field of research, archaeology must develop greater interest and skill in engaging with its neighbours both within and outside the academy. The study of past meals and foodways provides an exceptional avenue for public outreach, which in turn is further enhanced through fruitful collaboration among various university departments and museums. Here we present the results of the multidisciplinary outreach project ‘Eating Archaeology’, designed with the intention of building collaborations across disciplines and a new narrative with which to engage the public.     

长江三角洲地区粮食安全性度量研究

区域粮食安全问题是当前政府与学者关注的热点问题之一。长江三角洲地区高速的工业化、城镇化过程及快速增长的经济使维系粮食生产的耕地数量及质量发生剧烈变化,区域的粮食供需矛盾日益突出。文章对该区粮食生产与土地变化的相关性进行了分析,并阐述了近50年的粮食波动系数,通过预测分析长江三角洲地区粮食产量与消费状况,进一步对该区域粮食安全性进行度量研究。研究结果表明长江三角洲地区粮食缺口将逐年变大,粮食安全状况越来越差,有效的调控措施是实现区域粮食安全的保证。     

Alternative adaptive regimes for integrating foraging and farming activities

There are two distinct forager-farmer adaptive regimes evidenced in the ethnographic record: an ancillary and surplus cultivation regime. Societies characterized by these different regimes define different systems for allocating time to the production of domesticated plants. Cross-cultural patterns support the proposition that two socioecological conditions are logically necessary in order for an ancillary cultivation regime to develop and persist within a population of foragers. Wild resources must be sufficiently available, and farmers who produce a surplus of crops must be available to exchange with, live with or raid to redistribute crops after an episode of crop loss. The cross-cultural presence of two empirically distinct regimes for integrating foraging and farming is a useful frame of reference for evaluating how prehistoric foragers first integrated foraging and farming activities in archaeological contexts of secondary crop acquisition. A preliminary examination indicates that the ethnographic patterns are most consistent with the interpretation that the earliest farmers to inhabit the American Southwest produced at least a minimal surplus of domesticated plants. It is postulated that the adoption of a surplus cultivation regime by a population creates the adaptive opportunity for ancillary cultivation to develop and persist on a landscape.     

Stone Soup: photo-elicitation as a learning tool in the food geography classroom

This paper showcases self-reflective and inclusive pedagogy using photo-elicitation in a food geography course assignment. The Stone Soup project positions students as both researchers and participant-subjects in a participant-driven photo-elicitation (PDPE) study of students' foodways. Student papers for this assignment demonstrate rich understandings of the factors enabling and constraining food practices. We suggest that PDPE has value beyond being a research tool; it can empower students as learners and can offer a quality of insight and depth of engagement that are complementary to critical themes in food studies courses.     

Food mapping: a psychogeographical method for raising food consciousness

Food mapping is a new, participatory, interdisciplinary pedagogical approach to learning about our modern food systems. This method is inspired by the Situationist International's practice of the “dérive” and draws from the discourses of critical geography, the food movement's research on food deserts, and participatory action research. Using a “critical food lens,” this experiential exercise encourages participants to look beyond their plates and think about the health, economic, and ecological impacts of food. This ethnographic activity produces user-generated data and has the potential to transform participants' understanding of how agricultural practices effect other societal institutions.     

Food Poverty and Christianity in Britain: A Theological Re-assessment

The Christian response to food poverty in Britain has generally been two-fold. Foodbanks have become synonymous with Christianity and exemplify its charitable ethos. However, Christian churches have also called for social justice so that people can buy food in the normal way. Both responses are theologically problematic. The idea of foodbank is borne of a privileged theology that celebrates charitable giving, despite the humiliation it invites on recipients. Although social justice approaches originate in human rights discourse, the location of these rights in food consumerism means that it is equally privileged. Drawing on contextual and liberation theology, as well as ideas from radical orthodoxy, I argue that food poverty is better understood when we assign epistemological privilege to the poor. This leads me to advocate an alternative Christian response to food poverty.     

Travelling tales and migratory meanings: South Asian migrant women talk of place,health and healing

Geographers are bringing together narrative approaches and insights from cultural and feminist geography in building a body of work that examines the links between health, place and culture. This paper follows this direction in examining accounts of health and illness of South Asian migrant women living in British Columbia, Canada, using data from semi-structured interviews and a set of in-depth group interviews. The intent of the study was to explore how traditional medicine and indigenous medicine, as subjugated knowledges, were in tension or integrated with western medicine in the women's approaches to keeping healthy and managing illness. Analysis of the accounts shows intricate relationships among the body, food, place and identity. It is argued that these relationships are integral to the ongoing constitution of subjectivities and place in the context of the rapidly growing urban centres of the study. The paper concludes with comment on how this type of analysis of health and illness ‘talk’ de-medicalizes immigrants’ health behaviour, instead placing it within wider issues of integration and inclusion confronting racialized immigrant groups.

Les récits de voyage et les significations migratoires: des femmes immigrées de l'Asie du Sud s'entretiennent sur le lieu, la santé et la guérison

femmes immigrées, santé, alimentation, guérison traditionnelle, lieu, identité

Les géographes combinent des approches fondées sur le récit et des connaissances issues d'un corpus en géographie culturelle et féministe élaboré afin d'étudier les rapports entre la santé, le lieu et la culture. Dans cette foulée, l'article poursuit par une étude de récits sur la santé et la maladie tenus par des femmes immigrées de l'Asie du Sud et installées en Colombie Britannique (Canada). Les données sont tirées des résultats d'entrevues semi structurées et d'une série d'entrevues en profondeur menées en groupe. L'étude avait pour objectif d'explorer de quelles façons la médecine traditionnelle et la médecine indigène, définies comme des connaissances subjuguées, sont mises en tension ou intégrées à la médecine occidentale par les moyens déployés par les femmes pour se maintenir en santé et gérer la maladie. L'analyse des récits permet de montrer des relations complexes entre le corps, les aliments, le lieu et l'identité. Il est suggéré que ces relations sont indispensables à l'élaboration continuelle des subjectivités et du lieu dans un contexte d'étude caractérisé par une urbanisation rapide. En conclusion, l'article propose des commentaires sur la manière dont ce genre d'analyse de «discussion» sur la santé et la maladie permet de démédicaliser les comportements de santé des immigrants et plutôt de la situer par rapport aux enjeux plus considérables concernant l'intégration et l'insertion de groupes d'immigrants racialisés.

Cuentos de viaje y significados migratorios: mujeres inmigrantes del sur de Asia hablan de lugar, salud y curas

mujer inmigrante, salud, comida, curas tradicionales, lugar, identidad

Los geógrafos han juntado enfoques e ideas narrativos de las geografías de cultura y feminismo para crear un conjunto de trabajo que examina los vínculos entre salud, lugar y cultura. Este papel sigue esta dirección al examinar relatos de salud y enfermedad de las mujeres inmigrantes del sur de Asia que viven en British Columbia, Canadá. Hace uso de información recopilada de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y de entrevistas exhaustivas con grupos de mujeres. El objetivo del estudio era explorar la manera en que la medicina tradicional y la medicina indígena, como conocimientos subyugados, estaban en conflicto con, o integraban con la medicina occidental en cuanto al modo en que las mujeres mantenían la salud y trataban las enfermedades. El análisis de los relatos indica relaciones intricadas entre el cuerpo, la comida, lugar e identidad. Se sugiere que estas relaciones son esenciales a la constitución de subjetividades y lugar que continúa en el contexto de los centros urbanos cada vez más grandes donde tuvo lugar la investigación. El papel concluye con un comentario sobre el modo en que este tipo de análisis del diálogo sobre salud y enfermedad saca del campo de la medicina el comportamiento de las inmigrantes con relación a su salud, juntándolo con cuestiones más amplias de integración e inclusión que los grupos de inmigrantes racializados enfrentan.     

Food Security and Russia's 2010 Drought

An American specialist on Russia's agricultural sector examines the progression and impact of that country's 2010 drought (the worst in a half-century), leading to a grain harvest one-third smaller than originally forecast. A particular focus is on the country's grain reserves and the government's response to drought in such areas as grain export policy and maintaining the size of the domestic livestock herd, responses which the author argues are conditioned by the drive for food security, a concept that has dominated the political discourse in tandem with resurgent economic nationalism during the post-Soviet period.     

Climatic anomalies,food systems,and subsistence crises in medieval Novgorod and Ladoga

Climatic factors have affected subsistence strategies throughout human history. In northern Europe and Russia, short-term climatic anomalies and weather extremes are commonly thought to underlie famines in the Middle Ages. However, medieval subsistence crises were not just natural disasters and medieval people were not passive victims of climatic anomalies. In addition, the capacity to cope with climatic anomalies has varied temporally and spatially throughout the Middle Ages. Yet only a few studies have explored the climatic impact on regional medieval food systems comprehensively. This article examines the significance of climate variability on subsistence crises in medieval Novgorod and Ladoga (Russia), focusing on the relationship between short-term climate anomalies and crop cultivation. In addition, this paper evaluates the impact of crop failures, frosts, and other weather phenomena on the food system. The materials are drawn from medieval sources, paleoclimatological reconstructions, and archaeological evidence. The results show that short-term climatic anomalies alone rarely lead to severe subsistence crises, and during every famine period there is evidence of other contributing factors, such as unfavourable weather phenomena, disease, or social unrest. The variety of cultivated crops and agricultural techniques is shown to increase the region’s resilience to climatic anomalies and to crop failures.