基于时空行为大数据的城市社会空间分异研究

本文对基于时空行为大数据的社会空间分异研究进行了阶段性总结,梳理了主要的研究进展、并展望未来的研究方向。已有研究利用手机数据、社交媒体数据、交通运行数据三类时空行为大数据,在多个方面推动了社会空间分异研究的进展,包括揭示了社会空间分异的多尺度动态性、实现了时空共存下个体社会环境暴露的精细化测量、丰富了社会空间分异研究的社会网络与主观认知视角;但这些研究大多止步于现象层面的关联性分析,缺少对社会空间分异深层次机制以及理论、政策外延的剖析。未来研究需充分挖掘时空行为大数据解读社会空间的潜力,通过深入理解社会空间分异的时间性、再思社会空间分异与社会融合的关系,拓展研究的理论与政策外延。     

Layers of Disunity: The presidential politics of Finnish business, 1981–1982

This article examines the political activity of business in late Cold War Finland, the main focus being on the presidential election campaign of 1981–1982, which was a major watershed in Finnish politics. The purpose is to investigate the divisions cutting through business circles. Different layers of disunity can be found: a turf battle between business associations and their leaders, divergent attitudes towards the Social Democrats and disagreements concerning Finland’s foreign relations and trade, particularly with the Soviet Union. These divisions were long-lasting: they emerged by the mid-1970s and remained in effect until at least the late 1980s.     

Chemical Residues as Anthropic Activity Markers. Ethnoarchaeology,Experimental Archaeology and Archaeology of Food Production and Consumption

ABSTRACT

Chemical residues preserved in floors can be considered anthropic activity markers. In fact, residues are strictly related to the activities performed and reflect their spatial distribution. We present a synthesis of the work carried out over the last few decades in Mexico and Italy related to the study of chemical residues in floors. Residues can be identified performing specific chemical analyses both of plastered or earthen floors samples. We outline a methodological approach concerning the use of the markers of the activities to interpret food production and consumption in the archaeological record, based upon evidence from experimental, ethnoarchaeological and archaeological examples. Here we point out the advantages and problems of such an approach, mainly related to equifinality, of the use of spot tests and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques using examples from different sites in the world.     

Entheseal Changes in Free‐Ranging Versus Zoo Reindeer—Observing Activity Status of Reindeer

We evaluate whether entheseal changes (EC) can be used to reconstruct activity among reindeer to study its domestication. Humans influence reindeer activity patterns through corralling, which renders them less mobile than free‐ranging reindeer and through use as draught animals, which can result in overuse of certain muscles. There is also variation within free‐ranging reindeer in baseline activity levels due to environmental factors. Other sources of variation at entheses include age, sex, pathology, size, and genetic disposition. Here we examine if there are differences in the entheses between zoo versus free‐ranging reindeer. We recorded the entheses of reindeer long bones using a modified EC scoring system. Weight effects were accounted for by performing analyses separately for specimens under and over 95 kg, but unfortunately age information was lacking. We found that several flexor muscle insertion sites in the ulna were more developed among free‐ranging reindeer. This difference is likely due to feeding behaviour. The free‐ranging animals were digging for lichen from under the snow whereas the zoo reindeer were fed by their keepers. This difference in entheses, however, was found to be significant only among the heavier reindeer. Among the zoo reindeer, the insertion for Subscapularis muscle was more developed, possibly due to increased time spent immobile with the shoulder‐bracing muscle apparatus activated. This difference was significant among the heavier deer and nearly statistically significant among the lighter weight reindeer. Domesticated Siberian draught reindeer fell between zoo and free‐ranging reindeer in several tibial entheses. According to these results, some forelimb entheses may be useful to study differences in mobility and feeding patterns between groups of reindeer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市老年人户外体力活动时空特征的社区分异——基于GIS、GPS、加速度计的实证研究

城市老年人的户外体力活动的时空特征直接反映了其对城市体育空间的利用情况及闲暇时间的体力活动情况。本文基于2017年南京市老年人GPS活动轨迹和GT3⁺调查的第一手数据，运用MATLAB时空密度趋势面的可视化技术和GIS测度空间面积分析并比较南京市不同社区老年人户外体力活动的时空特征、活动空间形态与面积、体力活动量等，揭示不同社区老年人户外体力活动时空特征的社区分异，为政府相关部门了解城市老年人户外活动规律提供理论依据，为城市规划建设部门改善相应的社区建成环境、促进老年人积极的生活方式提供实践指导。     

城市商住混合型社区中儿童户外体力活动特征——以北京市华清嘉园居住小区为例

自2001年SOHO现代城的完工引领了我国商住混合型社区建设的潮流,但国内关于商住混合型社区内儿童户外体力活动的研究十分匮乏,不足以指导城市社区环境的规划设计工作。本文选取北京市海淀区华清嘉园居住小区作为典型研究区域。采用访谈式问卷法和观察法,总结归纳出商住混合型社区主要环境特征及其6-12岁儿童户外体力活动特征,并运用GIS软件进一步分析功能混合状态对儿童户外体力活动的影响。     

氧气（O2）对文物材料的劣化作用

氧(O2)是大气的主要成分之一,地面上的很多物质都受到氧(O2)的作用而氧化变质,文物材料也不例外。有关空气污染物对文物的影响破坏已引起人们足够的重视,但由于氧是动植物生命活动所必需的,因而氧对文物材料的劣化作用及其防治方法至今没有受到重视。本工作以氧的分子结构、键能和成键特性为出发点,说明了氧的化学活性,以及它对金属文物和有机材料文物的劣化变质作用的方式和特点,以引起文物保护工作者对这一问题的重视。同时也论述了馆藏文物保护中的一些防氧措施,成膜法和环境封存法是今后应开展的相关研究课题。     

甲骨卜辞所见之巫者的医疗活动

古代巫医不分,由于人类将疾病致因视为鬼魂作用,故以巫者充当人鬼间的中介,寄希望于巫术行医、安抚死神从而达到消除疾病的目的。正因基于此观念,医与巫、医疗与巫术、药物心理与巫术心理取得了自然的结合,求药及求巫两者皆统一于医疗活动之中。商代的医疗知识仍然处于中国医学的萌芽状态,具有迷信性质,常与巫教信仰交织在一起。即使如此,此时的巫医也开拓壮大了医学的先河。除利用药材之外。商人亦知运用针刺方法以治病,此种针砭医疗器具,在各地遗址时有发现。在医疗方面的巫术的具体活动,则主要包括二种:一为医疗巫术,二为逐疫除凶。     

Reflections on Recent Cognitive Behavioural Research with an Emphasis on Research in the United States of America

In this paper, I reflect on some of the more recent trends in cognitive behavioural research that includes work by geographers. In particular, I examine recent work on spatial decision‐making in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Environments, spatial cognition and human wayfinding behaviour, contributions to Geographic Information Science, and embellishing activity approaches that focus on episodic human behaviours. The paper emphasises that much of this research is multidisciplinary and that much of it is published in non‐geography journals. The paper concludes with some thoughts about future research directions, together with comments on how this research may influence the teaching and use of geographic concepts. ACRONYMS ATISAdvanced Traveller Information Systems CPMComputational Process Models CRTCathode Ray Tube DLDigital Library GISGeographic Information System GIScGeographic Information Science GPSGlobal Positioning Systems ITSIntelligent Transportation Systems UCSBUniversity of California Santa Barbara VEVirtual Environments     

评清末民初的留学生归国考试

留学生归国考试是介于废除科举和实施文官考试之间的一种独特的选拔人才形式。它不仅检验了早期留学活动,并且影响着留学生活动的规模与方向,推动了中国留学活动进入新的阶段。它不仅对科举制度进行了批判性的总结,并且为文官考试在形式与内容上树立了榜样,推动了中国新式铨选制度的建立。