可持续旅游下旅游环境容量的量测问题探讨

本文在旅游可持续发展的前提下 ,运用环境科学的理论和方法对旅游区的旅游环境容量的量测问题做了理论上的探讨 ,并在对其进行量化确定上做了初步的研究。认为在对其量化过程中要进行环境背景值、基线值的现状评价分析 ,各环境因子之间的联系与制约关系分析 ,累积效应分析 ,风险评价分析和旅游资源利用的帕累托最适度分析 ,通过各阶段对旅游环境容量的校正 ,最后认为旅游规划的环境容量应是帕累托最适环境容量 ,这才是保证旅游区最佳持续发展的依据 ,其表示为Cg=(1-L)RkAuRA 5i=1 Ci i。     

Insights Regarding Transdisciplinarity and Knowledge Transfer Gained from Two Case Studies on Integrated Water Resources Management in Ukraine and Mongolia

Abstract

Transdisciplinary environmental research (TD research) seeks to solve problems arising at the point of interaction between ecological systems, the economy, and society. It seeks to enhance problem-solving capacity through interdisciplinarity and knowledge transfer between scientific and non-scientific actors. The article assesses how far the prerequisites for knowledge transfer are met in transdisciplinary projects on integrated water resources management (IWRM), particularly in post-socialist transition countries. It examines two relevant case studies, in Ukraine and Mongolia, which share a similar institutional and cultural background, and use some of the same methods closely related to knowledge transfer. It is shown that, in each case, knowledge transfer was achieved more or less effectively in both directions — from science to society and vice versa, despite the additional obstacles posed by a common post-socialist legacy. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for designing and implementing similar TD research projects in the field of IWRM.     

Organisational Capacity for Engaging with Indigenous Australians

Community capacity building is a common goal for programmes and policies involving Indigenous peoples, but it relies heavily on organisational capacity to work effectively in intercultural settings. This paper reviews the organisational capacity of the senior leaders of Australian Red Cross and institutional efforts to build a culturally appropriate and respectful organisation. It reports results from a survey of the organisation's leadership team and follow‐up interviews undertaken in 2010, reviews the challenges facing the organisation in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, and considers institutional progress in building internal capacity to lead change in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. The paper concludes with discussion of wider implications of this research.     

新课标下的地理多媒体教学

新课标要求教师必须根据具体的教学情境进行创造性、主动性的劳动,创设生机勃勃的课堂教学氛围,充分调动学生的积极性和主动性,使教师和学生在课堂上焕发活力。倡导学生自主学习、合作学习、探究学习,充分发掘学生的潜能,有力地促进学生个性发展。     

Hydrodynamics and membrane seal capacity

The impact of hydrodynamic groundwater movement on the capacity of seals is currently in debate. There is an extensive record of publication on seals analysis and a similar history on petroleum hydrodynamics yet little work addresses the links between the two. Understanding and quantifying the effects of hydrodynamic flow has important implications for calibrating commonly used seal capacity estimation techniques. These are often based on measurements such as shale gouge, clay smear or mercury porosimitry where membrane sealing is thought to occur. For standard membrane seal analysis, seal capacity is estimated by quantifying capillary pressure‐related measurements and calibrating them with a large observational database of hydrocarbon column heights and measured buoyancy pressures. The seal capacity estimation process has historically been adjusted to account for a number of different generic trapping geometries. We define the characteristics of these geometries from a hydrodynamics viewpoint in order to fine‐tune the seal capacity calibration process. From theoretical analyses of several simplified trapping geometries, it can be concluded that generally, the high pressure side of the seal should be used as the water pressure gradient with which to calculate buoyancy pressure. Secondly, trap geometries where hydrocarbon is reservoired on both sides of a fault are not useful for estimating across fault seal capacity.     

Balancing Costs and Benefits of Collaboration in an Ecology of Games

The growth of collaborative approaches to governance has resulted in increasingly complex policy and management landscapes, where actors are presented with ever‐increasing numbers of decision‐making venues they can participate in and actors they can collaborate with. Given that actors face constraints on their capacity to manage actor and venue relationships in such polycentric governance systems, we assume the marginal benefit of yet another relationship should begin to diminish at some level of engagement. Furthermore, we hypothesize that such capacity limitations are not static, but decrease as actors learn, develop skills, and formulate strategies for how to navigate complex polycentric systems more effectively. Drawing on the Ecology of Games framework, this article investigates two Swedish collaborative governance initiatives where a multitude of actors came together to address a range of different, but interrelated, policy issues and management tasks. The empirical findings suggest that actors’ capacities to successfully navigate polycentric governance arrangements increase as they gain experience and develop their networking skills. Our findings imply there is a need to balance increased complexity in polycentric systems with increased capacity, otherwise the overall effect of an ever‐increasing number of venues and actors could be collaborative fatigue and decreased abilities to address diverse governance challenges.     

CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID SOLUTIONS FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT BRIDGE SYSTEMS

The development of alternative solutions for precast concrete buildings based on jointed ductile connections has introduced innovative concepts in the design of lateral-load resisting frame and wall systems. Particularly efficient is the hybrid system, where precast elements are connected via post-tensioning techniques and self-centring and energy dissipating properties are adequately combined to achieve the target maximum displacement with negligible residual displacements. In this contribution, the concept of hybrid system is extended to bridges as a viable and efficient solution for an improved seismic performance when compared with monolithic counterparts. Critical discussion on the cyclic behaviour of hybrid systems, highlighting the most significant parameters governing the response, is carried out.

The concept of a flexible seismic design (displacement-based) of hybrid bridge piers and systems is proposed and its reliability confirmed by quasi-static cyclic (push-pull) and nonlinear time-history analyses based on lumped plasticity numerical models.     

ON THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF EXISTING UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

A large part of the building population in Switzerland is made of unreinforced masonry. For the assessment of the seismic risk the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of existing unreinforced masonry buildings is therefore crucial. In this paper a method to evaluate existing buildings, which was developed for the earthquake scenario project for Switzerland, is briefly introduced and discussed in more detail for unreinforced masonry buildings. The method is based on a non-linear static approach where the seismic demand on the building is compared with the capacity of the building. In-plane and out-of-plane behaviour are considered. Comparisons with test results from model buildings show that the proposed method suitably forecasts the capacity of a building. Finally, a numerical example of the application of the method to a building in the city of Basel is given.     

INFLUENCE OF CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF R/C COLUMNS

Abstract

This paper aims at assessing the influence of the design procedure followed in designing the columns of a reinforced concrete (R/C) building on the performance of the columns, aa well as of the structure as a whole, when subjected to seismic loading; to identify potential weaknesses in currently adopted procedures; and to present a new procedure which is based on currently-available, powerful analytical tools, and results in increased reliability with regard to seismic loading. Two case studies are presented, involving multistorey reinforced concrete buildings with frame and dual structural systems subjected to various appropriately-scaled input accelerograms. The results obtained indicate that capacity design of columns results in adequate safety margins against failure, even when the adopted overstrength factors are quite low, but hinging in columns is not avoided unless very high overstrength factors are used. The suggested novel technique of capacity design led to very satisfactory seismic performance, and offers the possibility of cost reduction by achieving an appropriate balance between provided flexural strength and corresponding confinement.     

模块化视角下上海时尚产业发展路径研究

本文引入模块化相关理论并以此为理论基础考察了五大时尚之都(伦敦、米兰、巴黎、纽约和东京)的时尚产业及其模块化组织发展状况。通过调研所得资料提炼这些城市时尚产业的模块化发展要素及其作用机理,并总结其时尚产业模块化组织价值创新的发展路径。结合上海时尚产业的发展现状,对其具备的共同要素和特殊要素进行分析,说明在经过十余年的发展后,上海时尚产业在模块化进程中所处的阶段及其与时尚之都的差距。并以此为基础设计适合上海城市发展特点的时尚产业模块化发展路径。本文认为通过扶植创新要素、深化生产要素、提升消费要素、促进各个要素良性互动的措施,可以帮助上海时尚产业实现本土化和国际化的有效融合,进而实现其模块化组织价值创新。