转型期中国城市网络空间结构演变——基于商业银行分支机构网络的视角

21世纪以来,城市网络研究成为全球和区域城市体系研究关注的焦点,但当前对国家层面城市网络空间结构演变的研究还较少涉及。基于2001—2016年间中国商业银行网点空间分布变化数据,运用社会网络分析方法,对中国城市网络空间结构的时空演变特征进行了研究。研究结果显示：中国城市网络结构由等级化向网络化转变,具体表现为在轴辐结构基础上向连通性更强的链锁网络演进;与此同时,城市网络同时呈现少数城市网络连接度的极化以及多中心扩散的特征。区域层面,东部沿海地区,特别是长三角、京津冀和珠三角三大区域的城市网络发展较为完善,与其它区域的差距持续拉大,但山东、东北和福建等省份与区域内外的联系增长也较快。大多数城市的出度和入度差异明显,但这一差异正在逐渐缩小。     

Morphological study of the ancient dogs from three neolithic sites in China

Ancient Chinese dogs excavated at three archaeological sites and stored in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica, were the object of this study (Xiawanggang site, 5000–6000 years BP; Keshengzhuang site, 3000–4000 years BP; Shangsunjia site, Bronze age). During these periods, there were large morphological variations in Chinese dogs beyond a single dog class, as with Jomon dogs. Dogs with a large ‘stop’ were already present in China but not in Japan. At the Keshengzhuang site, middle to large class dogs were also excavated. At least three types were confirmed within these dogs. In the aged dog in Xiawanggang, antemortem loss of many teeth was observed suggesting active use of the teeth and it is possible that this dog was used for hunting as were the Japanese Jomon dogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论北宋制衡三衙的相关措施

三衙,全名为殿前都指挥使司、侍卫亲军马军都指挥使司和侍卫亲军步军都指挥使司,是北宋禁、厢诸军常设之统帅机构。其帅,宋人称作“三帅”、“管军臣僚”,或简称“管军”。三衙制度,与募兵制取代征兵制相适应,肇始于唐末五代,至北宋方渐趋于定型。它的确立,首先解决了中唐以降的藩镇割据问题。兵权由地方集中到中央得以实现。在此基础之上,从宋太祖开始的北宋统治,本着“兵权宜分不宜专”的原则,又从合理调整三衙与枢密院、皇城司以及帅臣之间的关系人手,构建了三衙、枢密使、皇城司主管宦官、帅臣之间彼此相互制衡的严密体系,并加强了台谏对三衙的监察,和皇帝对军政的亲自干预,从而进一步实现了兵权向皇帝手中的集中。     

世界历史、英国学派与国际关系理论

针对当前西方国际关系理论在解释现实和预测未来上的混乱和无力,作者提出理解过去成为重构国际关系研究的前提;并且在介绍和评论沃尔兹、吉尔平等为代表的现实主义世界史观和沃勒斯坦世界史观的联系与区别之后,对世界历史中国际力量的结构提出了新的证据,尤其着重介绍了英国学派国际体系和国际社会概念的缘起、演化及理论家们的批判。虽然本文作者即是当前英国学派的代表人物之一,但他并不避讳英国学派在理论上的缺憾,指出巴里·布赞构建在没有共同文化的条件下国际体系也可以转化为国际社会理论框架同时,关闭了一个布尔曾经试图打开的空间。作者认为在解读国际社会的世界历史方面还有很多课题需要深入探讨。     

刘遗民非"遗民"考

刘程之,号遗民,晋宋问人,晋末弃官归隐。后人往往根据其不仕之事与“遗民”之号,将其理解为易代后出于政治立场与道德自觉不仕新朝的“遗民”。其实,遗民一词的此一义项在晋宋之世尚未确立,刘遗民不过是一位追求山林玄远之趣的隐逸之士。并且,由于刘遗民的历史存在,还产生了“遗民”一词不被广泛注意的另一义项——隐士。     

Wild galliform and gruiform birds (Aves,Galliformes and Gruiformes) in the archaeological record of Bulgaria

A total of 453 bones (294 of galliform and 159 of gruiform birds) from 28 archaeological sites are considered here, 34 per cent of the total ornithoarchaeological wild bird finds collected in Bulgaria so far. They cover a period from the Early Neolithic to the Middle Ages. Eleven species (six galliform and five gruiform), 87.5 and 45.5 per cent, respectively, of the Holocene avifauna of both orders, have been identified. One species, Tetrao tetrix, has totally disappeared and three others, Grus grus, Otis tarda and O. tetrax, now breed beyond the borders of Bulgaria and the Balkans. Some of the sites of the large gamefowl species indicate their wider distribution in the past. Phasianus colchicus is present as early as the Eneolithic period. The wild galliform and gruiform species were important as a source of meat for the local population up to the Middle Ages, in spite of widespread breeding of domestic poultry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Past human exploitation of birds on the Isle of Man

This paper makes comparisons between various sources—historical, ethnographic and archaeological—that relate to birds on the Isle of Man, in order to give a picture of the former uses of birds by the Manx people. Written references suggest that seabirds in particular were an important source of the essentials of life, and this is reinforced by recent archaeological evidence. The bird bones discussed are from excavations at St Patrick's Island off the west coast and Castle Rushen, Castletown. Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus were present in greater numbers than they are now, and two fragments of the now extinct great auk Pinguinis impennis were identified, confirming the presence of this species on the Isle of Man. The evidence points to over-harvesting of the shearwaters and members of the auk family. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

馆藏壁画保护理论探索与实践——以甘肃省博物馆藏武威天梯山石窟壁画的保护修复为例

馆藏壁画是具有重要历史、科学和艺术价值的博物馆藏品之一,大部分为来自考古发掘现场的墓葬壁画,其次为揭取搬迁的石窟壁画和殿堂壁画。因其制作材料(主要为泥质或石灰层地仗)脆弱,保存年代久远,各种病害多发且严重。已有研究结果表明,石窟壁画保护的难点是水—盐运移引起的壁画酥碱等病害问题,而当石窟壁画转移到博物馆作为藏品保存后,其赋存环境条件发生了根本变化,博物馆可控的、稳定的温度、湿度使其保护难度大大降低,保护现存实物原状与历史信息必然成为馆藏壁画保护的重要内容。本研究以甘肃省博物馆藏武威天梯山石窟壁画的保护修复为例,结合多年石窟壁画保护实践,探讨了馆藏石窟壁画保护理论与保护程序,重点阐述了壁画附加支撑体的去除、新支撑体的选择以及安装等方面的技术要点。提出通过举办专题展览,利用多媒体等高新技术,可以生动、形象、准确地反映和展示馆藏壁画的价值及保护修复过程,弥补传统陈列展览模式的不足。研究成果对同类文物的保护具有重要的借鉴价值。     

河曲坪头遗址龙山时期陶器及其制陶原料的化学成分分析

为了对山西省忻州市河曲坪头遗址出土的龙山时期的陶器以及制陶原料中的粘土原料的种类和来源进行相关探讨,利用ICP-OES对出土的陶器、坯料,以及遗址附近采集的土样进行了化学成分测试,并使用SPSS软件对分析结果进行了降维处理和主成分分析。结果显示:坪头遗址不同质地的陶器陶土原料相同,只是在钙含量方面存在细微差异。制作陶器所用的粘土原料很可能取自附近的红色古土壤层。该遗址是古人在当地制作陶器的一个场所。     

郑韩故城出土青铜器的矿料来源初步分析

基于富集在铜料中而保留其母矿信息的元素可以用于示踪青铜器的矿料来源,为了解郑韩故城青铜器的矿料来源,利用ICP-AES方法对郑韩故城出土东周时期青铜器的微量元素进行了检测。结果显示,21个青铜器样品微量元素特征具有相对一致性,推测可能具有相同的原料来源。与小双桥遗址出土青铜器的微量元素特征进行对比,二者存在明显的差异,说明从商代中期到春秋战国时期,这一地区的原料来源发生了改变。研究结果可为研究东周时期这一地区铜业发展状况提供线索。