A comparison study of children's independent mobility in England and Australia

We compared independent mobility (freedom to move around the neighbourhood – or similar – without adult accompaniment) among English and Australian schoolchildren. Parents reported mobility licences granted to their children (e.g. allowing them to cross main roads alone) and accompaniment on local trips. Children reported travel mode to school. We examined associations between mobility licences and independent school journeys, and accompaniment on local trips. Among 10–12-year-olds, English children had more licences than Australian children. Mobility licences were directly associated with independent school journeys among primary but not among secondary schoolchildren who travelled further; and inversely associated with parental accompaniment to other destinations. Influences on parental restrictions should be examined to promote children's independent mobility.     

近代安徽茶业产销格局形成过程中的交通因素

近代安徽茶业在整体上呈现出不断发展的态势,并日渐形成皖南外销茶和皖西内销茶并驾齐驱的销售格局,两地茶区因销路问题而选择了不同的发展路径.在近代安徽茶业产销格局形塑和日益深化的过程中,交通起到了至为关键的推动作用.相对优越的地理区位和独特的交通条件赋予徽州茶远销海外的现实保证,闭塞的地理位置和道路交通则极大地限制了皖西茶出口的可能性.随着铁路、公路等现代交通体系的建立,火车、汽车、轮船等新型交通运输工具开始广泛地运用到茶叶贩运中,近代安徽茶叶的运输路线随之发生了重要变化.茶叶从枝头走向市场需辗转于多重运输环节,新式交通方式在缩短运输时间、降低运输成本方面具有明显优势,逐步打破了传统水路运输的主导地位.     

Spatial variations in the salinity of pore waters in northern deep water Gulf of Mexico sediments: implications for pathways and mechanisms of solute transport

Spatial variations in the salinity of pore waters in sedimentary basins can provide important insight into basin-scale hydrogeologic processes. Although there have been numerous studies of brine seeps in the deep water Gulf of Mexico, much less is known about porewater salinities in the vast areas between seeps. A study has been made of spatial variation in pore water salinities in sediments in an approximately 500 km by 200 km area of the northern deep water (water depth >500 m) Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin (GOM) to provide insight into pathways and mechanisms of solute transport in this portion of the basin. A second objective was to document salinities in the upper 500 m of the sedimentary section, the approximate depth to which methane hydrates, a potential future energy resource, may be stable. Elevated salinities would reduce the P – T stability range of hydrates. Salinities were calculated from borehole logs using a dual electrical conductivity model. Even though much of the northern GOM is underlain by allochthonous salt most of the undisturbed shallow sedimentary section has not been permeated by hypersaline waters. These waters are limited to areas near brine seeps. Hypersaline waters having salinities in excess of 100 g l⁻¹ become more common at subseafloor depths of 2 km and greater. A field study at Green Canyon 65 and published numerical simulations of fluid flow above tabular salt bodies suggest that brines produced by salt dissolution migrate laterally and pond above salt and/or within minibasins and that the dominant mechanism of vertical solute transport is a combination of compaction-driven advection and diffusion, not large-scale thermohaline overturn. Superimposed on this diffuse upward flux of dissolved salt is the more focused and localized expulsion of saline fluids up faults.     

The National Sample from the 1851 Census of Great Britain an Interim Report on Methods and Progress

Abstract

In the last years, the use of geographical information systems has been common in many historical and geographical studies. Perhaps one of the least known applications is network analysis, a series of functions related to hydrology and mobility. Since 1994, researchers have used network analyses to understand costs and time expenditure in transportation in Roman times, with the aim of modeling commercial routes. Archaeological objects were employed to confirm those commercial distributions whose quantities were related basically to transport costs. The present articles go far beyond and attempt to understand decisions in building a transport network based on time series. It seems that not all Roman decisions in transport infrastructure were due to economic reasons; some parts of Roman roads were built basically for political reasons and affected later developments.     

新时期大都市公共交通发展策略研究——香港公交发展启示

优先发展公共交通是破解我国城市交通困境的唯一方法,是建立"两型"社会的科学要求,是城市可持续发展的必由之路。从香港公共交通系统发展历程、规划设计和运营管理等视角,归纳总结了其成功经验和发展趋势,即从中心区走向市域、从道路走向轨道、从线网拓展走向服务提升、从行政干预走向法制保障、从环境污染走向环境友好。并针对我国城市公交发展现状,从社会人文、城市规划、科技体制等方面提出了:以人为本、公交城市、持续发展、系统协调、科技引领、体制建设的发展策略,以期为我国城市交通的新一轮跨越式发展提供参考依据。     

A vector of high‐temperature paleo‐fluid flow deduced from mass transfer across permeability barriers (quartz veins)

Quartz veins acted as impermeable barriers to regional fluid flow and not as fluid‐flow conduits in Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Mt Painter Block, South Australia. Systematically distributed asymmetric alteration selvedges consisting of a muscovite‐rich zone paired with a biotite‐rich zone are centered on quartz veins in quartz–muscovite–biotite schist. Geometric analysis of the orientation and facing of 126 veins at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole reveals a single direction along which a maximum of all veins have a muscovite‐rich side, irrespective of their specific individual orientation. This direction represents a Mesoproterozoic fluid‐flow vector and the veins represent permeability barriers to the flow. The pale muscovite‐rich zones formed on the downstream side of the vein and the dark biotite‐rich zones mark the upstream side. The alteration couplets formed from mica schist at constant Zr, Ga, Sc, and involved increases in Si, Na, Al and decreases in K, Fe, Mg for pale alteration zones, and inverse alteration within dark zones. The asymmetry of the alteration couplets is best explained by the pressure dependence of mineral–fluid equilibria. These equilibria, in combination with a Darcian flow model for coupled advection and diffusion, and with permeability barriers imposed by the quartz veins, simulate the pattern of both fluid flow and differential, asymmetric metasomatism. The determined vector of fluid flow lies along the regional foliation and is consistent with the known distribution of regional alteration products. The presence of asymmetric alteration zones in rock containing abundant pre‐alteration veins suggests that vein‐rich material may have generally retarded regional fluid flow.     

Bioprospecting: from theory to practice (and back again)

This paper critically assesses the theory and practice of biodiversity prospecting in the developing world. Taking the case of perhaps the most famous bioprospecting broker – Costa Rica's National Institute of Biodiversity – rival theoretical discourses on the 'selling nature to save it' approach to environmental conservation are unpacked. This approach, currently de rigueur in mainstream global environmental organizations, is touted by its advocates in the academic and policy world as an effective tool for 'green developmentalism'. For a cohort of university-based left critics, however, bioprospecting is one more troubling example of 'post-modern ecological capital' in action, representing the further commodification of nature for profit purposes. By treating the rival theoretical discourses on bioprospecting produced by differently situated knowledge communities as objects of analysis, the paper asks fundamental questions about the grounds on which evaluations of bioprospecting might be made. It is argued that the radical critique buys its logical and moral power at the expense of its practical relevance, while advocates of selling biodiversity have made their case with only limited empirical persuasiveness. On the basis of a heuristic distinction between immanent and external critique, the paper seeks to put the evaluation of bioprospecting in particular, and green developmentalism more generally, on a new cognitive and normative footing. In so doing it impinges on recent debates over the wider relevance of 'critical' thinking in human geography and cognate fields in the current conjuncture.     

国外交通地理学研究的知识图谱与进展

交通地理学作为人文地理学的重要分支,一直充满着活力与多样性,获得人文地理学者的广泛关注。本文基于CiteSpace可视化软件,采用Web of Science中收录1982-2014年的4840篇交通地理学论文作为原始数据,梳理了近30年的研究脉络,绘制了学科发展的知识图谱,系统地归纳了学科的研究热点与发展趋势,以期为中国交通地理学研究提供借鉴。研究发现:国外交通地理学研究方法和研究内容日趋多元化,研究视角趋向微观化,质性研究突显;初步形成城市规划学派、理论地理学派、时间地理学派等六大学术共同体;出现社会、行为、文化和流动的诸多转向,呈现出人本导向、信息导向和交叉化的发展趋势。     

海峡西岸经济区战略下区域综合交通可达性演变态势研究

"海峡西岸经济区"的建设是完善我国对外开放和区域经济格局的重要板块,而综合交通可达性则是衡量区域一体化发展以及区内外经济社会联系的重要指标。本文通过构建经济区内部平均交通时距以及区内外综合可达性指标,借助Arc GIS等有关分析工具,对海峡西岸经济区的综合交通体系在2001年、2006年、2011年不同时间断面上的地域空间特征进行了分析比较,总结出"海峡西岸经济区"战略规划实施以来区域综合交通体系演变特征与演进态势,并对未来海西经济区综合交通发展提出若干建议。     

Source provenance of obsidian artifacts from the Early Stone Age (ESA) site of Melka Konture,Ethiopia

The source provenance of 10 Early Stone Age artifacts from the localities in Melka Konture has been determined by EDXRF. Results show that the early to mid-Pleistocene makers of the artifacts derived the raw material from a source located in their proximity, supporting the previously proposed short distance transport of raw material for the time period.