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101.
论中世纪和近代早期英国中央财政管理机构的沿革 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中世纪时,国库、财政署和私室是英国最主要的中央财政管理机构,三个机构的命运漂浮不定,主要原因是国王及其王室才是财政管理的中心所在。都铎时期,国王们为加强对财政的个人控制,建立了私室财政体制。斯图亚特王朝建立初期,中央财政管理一仍旧惯,但1612年的管理革新实践却奠定了后来国库复兴的基础。综观这一时期的财政管理机构的沿革可知,连续性、渐进性、经验性和灵活性是它的主要特点。 相似文献
102.
本文利用考古材料和多学科的研究成果,分析了先秦时期珠江三角洲的环境变迁与文化演进的关系。文章指出,如果自然资源丰富、种类多样互补和易于攫取,也能发育丰富多彩的、甚至是分层化的擢取经济文化,珠三角网河平原南部的渔猎采集和北部的渔捞采集经济文化,就是两个典型的实例。东周时期冲积平原火耕水耨经济文化的发展繁荣,促成珠江三角洲这个自然地理单元形成文化地理单元,又说明合理的区域文化也不可长久背离人类文化的发展方向。 相似文献
103.
邱格屏 《华侨华人历史研究》2007,5(2):43-52
选择东南亚华侨秘密会党为研究对象,对海峡殖民地政府对华侨秘密会党的政策演变情况进行了分析。第一时期是放纵与利用;第二时期是利用与控制;第三时期是控制与镇压。殖民政府对待华侨秘密会党的政策演变以维护英国的利益为基础。 相似文献
104.
John F. Hoffecker 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(4):359-387
Living humans are unique among the animal kingdom with respect to their ability to externalize mental representations outside
the brain through a variety of media and in a recursive or creative manner (i.e., generating a potentially infinite array
of combinations). Earlier humans evolved two specialized organs—the hand and the vocal tract—as primary instruments for externalizing
artificial or semantic representations. These organs and the externalized representations may have co-evolved with the Homo brain. The archaeological record yields examples of simple representations by 1.6 mya. More complex, hierarchical, and recursive
forms are evident by roughly 0.25 mya. Complex and highly recursive representations in a wide range of media (including representations
of representations in the form of visual art) emerge after 0.1 mya among anatomically modern humans. 相似文献
105.
Michael Love 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2007,15(4):275-328
Recent research on the southern highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica has investigated topics of interest to all archaeologists.
Although best known for studies on the development of early social complexity, research in the region also has addressed hunter/gatherer
subsistence patterns, early sedentism, the origins of food production, the development of the state, migration, the construction
of social identity, political economy, and the collapse of complex societies. Research has accelerated in the past ten years,
fueled by efforts of scholars from a number of disciplines. Recent paleo-ecological studies have provided much needed data
for understanding human social action against the backdrop of the natural environment, while the region also has been the
scene for testing numerous innovative theories of social change. Studies of identity and its manifestation in material culture
have been especially productive. 相似文献
106.
Economic geography and the evolution of networks 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
An evolutionary perspective on economic geography requires adynamic understanding of change in networks. This article explorestheories of network evolution for their use in geography anddevelops the conceptual framework of geographical network trajectories.It specifically assesses how tie selection constitutes the evolutionaryprocess of retention and variation in network structure andhow geography affects these mechanisms. Finally, a typologyof regional network formations is used to discuss opportunitiesfor innovation in and across regions. 相似文献
107.
Y. Yang L. Ren G. Dong Y. Cui R. Liu G. Chen H. Wang S. Wilkin F. Chen 《Archaeometry》2019,61(4):957-976
It is widely known that the Hexi Corridor in North‐West China lies at a hub of trans‐Eurasian cultural exchange. Its role became increasingly important during the late prehistoric period, particularly as the ancient Silk Road began to be used. While the profound transformation of local cultural characteristics in the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age is well documented, the detailed economic dynamics of cultural evolution have not yet been clearly illustrated. In this paper, we report on significant new zooarchaeological and faunal isotopic data from the Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Hexi Corridor. The primary objective is to systematically reconstruct the prehistoric economic context of this area by combining these new data with previous archaeological studies and radiocarbon dates. We argue that the primary economic activities of local inhabitants changed dramatically in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor. This was marked by agricultural production at c.4800–4000 bp , agro‐pastoral production at c.4000–3000 bp and animal husbandry at c.3000–2200 bp , respectively. The major subsistence strategies of these three periods show considerable variation. It is very likely that these transformations of economic patterns in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor were primarily triggered by transcontinental cultural exchange and, to a lesser extent, by climate change. 相似文献
108.
Marco Cappa Daniela De Angelis Alessandra Pecci Luis Barba Murat Cura Gino Mirocle Crisci 《International Journal of Architectural Heritage》2016,10(6):726-734
Hagia Sophia is one of the oldest and most complex existing monuments. Many unanswered questions are still open on the historical and constructive evolution of this monument. The boundaries between the different construction phases and the details of the masonry and materials used in the various phases are still not defined with precision.The thermographic survey, carried out inside the monument, made ??it possible to answer some of these questions by specifying the exact location of the past interventions and the variability of the materials employed allowing a better understanding of the constructive history of the monument. The technique was applied at a great distance and in normal environmental conditions, taking advantage of the high thermal sensitivity of the instrumentation. The results achieved confirm the validity of the technique in the study of ancient buildings. 相似文献
109.
Gareth Knapman 《History of European Ideas》2016,42(7):909-923
The nineteenth-century Orientalist and ethnologist, John Crawfurd, publicly rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in 1868. Crawfurd was a leading advocate of polygenesis but also a supporter of racial equality. In 1820 he published his History of the Indian Archipelago, where he advocated granting household suffrage to all races in the British colonies. After finishing a career in the East India Company in 1828 he became the foremost expert on South-East Asia in Britain. Crawfurd became a regular writer on ethnology and Asian affairs for the Examiner newspaper and in the 1860s he was President of the Ethnological Society of London. Accounts of nineteenth-century anthropology in Britain characterise debate around race as falling into two camps: advocates of monogenesis and advocates of polygenesis. In the United States of America, advocates of polygenesis were often associated with advocates of slavery and racial inequality. Recent research has demonstrated that Charles Darwin’s hatred of slavery drove him to write Origin of the Species to demonstrate the unity of the human species and reject the polygenesis position. This paper explores Crawfurd’s ideas and demonstrates that a belief in polygenesis in the nineteenth century did not necessarily equate with a belief in racial inequality. 相似文献
110.
JANET STURMAN 《Reviews in Anthropology》2013,42(4):302-341
Four recent books offer an opportunity to review new and continuing approaches to the study of music, not as an artistic product, but as an essential practice in human society and as a capacity that defines humankind. Two books examine musical capacity and music making from the framework of biological anthropology, drawing on new research in neurophysiology to connect biological and archaeological anthropology. The other two locate the study largely within cultural anthropology, drawing on ethnomusicology. Taken as a set the volumes invite disciplinary integration in anthropological studies of music. 相似文献