Contested Self-determination: Indonesia and East Timor's Battle over Borders,International Law and Ethnic Identity

ABSTRACT

East Timor's twin experiences of colonialism established its collective identity and internally recognised rights of self-determination. Political boundaries were created through negotiated treaties between Portugal and the Netherlands, and Portuguese colonialism provided East Timor with its status as a non-self-governing territory under international law in 1960. Indonesian colonialism resulted in a discursive battle over identity as both the Indonesian government and East Timor's independence movement employed ethnocultural narratives and myths to persuade the international community of the legitimacy of their respective political claims. During debates over East Timor's political status that occurred between 1975 and 1999, Indonesia emphasised the ethnic ‘kinship’ between Indonesians and East Timorese. In contrast, East Timor's representatives emphasised cultural links with Portugal and Melanesia to prove its distinctiveness from Indonesia.     

A question of national identity or minority rights? The changing status of the Irish language in Ireland since 1922

When the Irish Free State was founded in 1922, the Irish language was a substantial feature of the politics that led up to this event. Subsequently the language was recognised as the national and first official language of the Irish Free State. Since then, the de jure position of Irish appears to have evolved. Most recently, legislation was introduced in the Republic of Ireland, and statutory duties were placed upon certain public bodies with regard to the Irish language in Northern Ireland. This article examines this historical shift in the status of Irish in the two political jurisdictions in Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland [as a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK)], and explains its significance.     

顾颉刚先生对古代民族融合的考察

华夏民族的形成问题是古史研究中的重要问题。上世纪三十年代,顾颉刚先生从缕析古史的角度,考察了战国时期华夏民族的融合。他指出战国时期随着现实中族群的融合,也出现了民族融合的思潮,具体表现为设计出共同的始祖、共同的地域。同时,顾先生指出,三代以来的华夏文化成为民族融合的文化基础。共同的始祖、共同的地域,以及共同的文化基础,促进了各族属在心理方面的相互认同,保障了华夏民族共同体的形成。顾先生的研究,为此后的相关研究奠定了基础。     

意大利工业区与华人的双重挑战

论文分析了全球性竞争压力对工业区适应机制的影响及工业区的竞争优势以及工业区内部形成的华人经济的潜在威胁,探讨了在新的条件下将这种威胁转化为新的发展机遇的可能性。认为华人经济的特殊优势使华人企业越来越活跃,但却使当地企业日益萎缩。这反过来又促使当地经济整体进行转型;华人企业家的某些优势在于其跨地区和跨国网络;华人移民对其祖籍国潜在商业伙伴的能力和品德有深度了解,如果能发挥中介作用,意大利当地企业就能使其工业生产及产品销售国际化。     

关于中国安阳殷墟墓葬人种的推测

安阳殷墟考古发掘出来的人类头盖骨显示,早在殷商时期,即存在中原人与中亚人及欧洲人的往来.欧洲人和中亚人的到来被有的学者认为参与了中国政体的形成过程.     

民族地区建党建政对马克思主义理论的丰富与发展

中国共产党在民族地区建党建政的理论与实践丰富和发展了马克思主义的理论宝库,主要体现在：坚持以马克思主义为指导,探寻符合民族地区实际的建党建政思路;高度重视建党与建政的紧密联系,以党的建设带动政权建设;创新民族地区政权模式,实行民族区域自治制度;培养选拔高素质民族干部,确保各族人民当家作主;确立民族工作的主题,致力于各民族实现科学发展;高举爱国主义旗帜,始终维护民族团结和国家统一。     

中国女真族的领土意识初探

早在女真族初步形成之时,居住于朝鲜半岛北部的西女真和东女真就将家园视为中国之内的封境。高丽北进,女真则失去了大片土地。辽朝末年,为保卫家园,女真人在曷懒甸(今咸兴平原)大败高丽军。在朝鲜王朝占领半岛东北部以后,女真首领王可仁、佟景再三提醒明成祖,朝鲜所占之地乃是女真人的旧土,但由于彼时明朝君臣对该地历史的不确知,十处女真居地被送与朝鲜。     

Russia's Kosovo: A Critical Geopolitics of the August 2008 War over South Ossetia

A noted political geographer presents an analysis of the August 2008 South Ossetian war. He analyzes the conflict from a critical geopolitical perspective sensitive to the importance of localized context and agency in world affairs and to the limitations of state-centric logics in capturing the connectivities, flows, and attachments that transcend state borders and characterize specific locations. The paper traces the historical antecedents to the August 2008 conflict and identifies major factors that led to it, including legacies of past violence, the Georgian president's aggressive style of leadership, and renewed Russian "great power" aspirations under Putin. The Kosovo case created normative precedents available for opportunistic localization. The author then focuses on the events of August 2008 and the competing storylines promoted by the Georgian and Russian governments. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, I31, O18, P30. 7 figures, 2 tables, 137 references.     

Ptolemy's map of denmark: A study in conflicting evidence

EUROPE

Europa: Bilder seiner Landschaft und Kultur. Edited by Martin Hürlimann. Introduction by Carl J. Burckhardt. 12×8 1/2. Pp. xix+279. Zürich: Atlantis Verlag AG. Second edition, 1947. 28 fr.

Scotland's Changing Population. Edited by A. M. Struthers, Secretary, The Scottish Council of Social Service. Foreword by Sir Hector Hetherington. 9 3/4 × 7 1/4. Pp. 52. 13 diagrams. 7 plates. London: The National Council of Social Service, N.D. 3s 6d.

The Scottish Railway Network: A Project for Reconstructing the Scottish Railways according to certain New Railway Network Principles. By J. F. Pownall. 10×6. Map. Pp. 72. 5 figs. Birmingham: Cotterell and Co., 1946. 8s 6d.

Edinburgh. Photographs by S. W. Colyer. Foreword by Sir John I. Falconer, LL.D., W.S. 11 1/2 × 9 1/2. 33 reproductions in gravure, each with a commentary. London and Melbourne: Ward, Lock and Co. Ltd., 1947. 7s 6d.

English Country Crafts: A Survey of their Development from Early Times to Present Day. By Norman Wymer. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+116. 149 illustrations from photographs and drawings. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Epping Forest: Its Literary and Historical Associations. By William Addison. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+240. 32 illustrations. 2 maps. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Sussex. By Reginald Turnor. 9×7. Pp. 48. Drawings by Michael Rothenstein. 53 photographs. 2 maps. London: Paul Elek (Publishers) Ltd., 1947. 9s 6d.

Severn Tide. By Brian Waters. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. vii+183. 16 illustrations. Map. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1947. 15s.

Devon and Cornwall: A Preliminary Survey. By The Survey Committee of the University College of the South West, Exeter. Foreword by John Murray. 9 1/2 × 7. Pp. iv+318. 38 figs. 13 maps. 7 charts of industrial employment. Exeter: A. Wheaton and Co. Ltd., 1947. 31s 6d.

Rathlin Island. By Hugh Alexander Boyd. Foreword by Professor E. Estyn Evans, M.A., D.Sc. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 72. (The Birds of Rathlin Island, County Antrim. By Robert Patterson, M.B.O.U. Pp. 62–72.) 5 photographs. Map. Ballycastle, N.I.: J. S. Scarlett and Son, 1947. 3s.

Directory of Iceland for the Year 1948. Editor: Hilmar Foss. 8 × 5 1/2. Pp. 655. Reykjavik: Arbók Islands H.F. Twenty‐fifth edition, 1947.

Swedish Life and Landscape. By Edric A. Hille. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 151. 91 illustrations. London: Paul Elek (Publishers) Ltd., 1947. 12s 6d.

On Rock and Ice: Mountaineering in Photographs. By André Roch. Foreword by Frank S. Smythe. 9 3/4 × 8 1/4. Pp. xv. 81 photographs. London: Adam and Charles Black Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Switzerland: The Traveller's Illustrated Guide. 7 × 4 3/4. Pp. 259. 192 photographs. 24 five‐colour maps. 16 panoramas. Sketch maps and town plans. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. Second English edition, 1947. 18s.

A History of Portugal. By H. V. Livermore. 9×6. Pp. xvi+502. 13 plates. 7 maps. Cambridge: University Press, 1947. 36s.

Dust Upon the Sea. By W. E. Benyon‐Tinker. 8 3/4 × 5 5/8. Pp.216. 56 illustrations. 2 sketch maps. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1947. 15s.

Moscow: Sketches on the Russian Capital. Translated from the Russian by Peggy Cochrane. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 126. London: Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., N.D. 15s.

ASIA

The Island of Cyprus: An Illustrated Guide and Handbook. Compiled and edited by L. and H. A. Mangoian. Foreword by A. H. S. Megaw. 8 1/4 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii +246. 205 illustrations. 9 sketch maps. Nicosia: Mangoian Brothers, 1947. 12s 6d.

The Cruel Way. By Ella K. Maillart. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.217. 74 illustrations. Endpaper sketch maps. London and Toronto: William Heinemann Ltd., 1947. 18s.

Man‐Eaters of Kumaon. By Jim Corbett. Foreword by Lord Linlithgow. 8×5. Pp. xvii+212. 4 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. London: Oxford University Press, 1946. 10s 6d.

Persian Pictures. By Gertrude Bell. Preface by Professor A. J. Arberry. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 157. London: Ernest Benn Ltd. Third edition, 1947. 10s 6d.

AFRICA

The Romance of Rhodesia. By Ardaser Sorabjee N. Wadia, M.A. 9 3/4 × 7 1/2. Pp. xiv+146. 16 photographs. Sketch map. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Swartland and Sandveld: A Survey of Land Utilization and Soil Erosion in the Western Lowland of the Cape Province. By W. J. Talbot. Preface by H. J. van Eck, Chairman of the Social and Economic Planning Council. 9 1/2 × 7 1/4. Pp. xii+79. 59 figs. 7 plates. 2 maps. Cape Town: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1947. 10s 6d.

Canada: A Study of Cool Continental Environments and their Effect on British and French Settlement. By Griffith Taylor, D.SC, B.E., B.A. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+524. 161 figs. 8 photographs. End‐paper map. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1947. 25s.

Canada Moves North. By Richard Finnie. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 192. 65 illustrations. End‐paper maps. London: Hurst and Blackett Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Link to the North. By G. J. Tranter. 8×5 1/2. Pp.256. Frontispiece. End‐paper sketch map. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Britain and the West Indies. By Agnes M. Whitson, M.A., and Lucy Frances Horsfall, Ph.d. 7 1/4 V 5. Pp.87. 17 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. Pamphlets on the British Commonwealth, Second Series, No. 5. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1948. 1s 6d.

The Rise of the Spanish American Empire. By Salvador de Madariaga. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xx+408. 20 illustrations. End‐paper maps. London: Hollis and Carter Ltd., 1947. 21s.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Geography of the Flowering Plants. By Ronald Good, M.A. 10×6. Pp. 403. 71 figs. 16 photogravure plates. 9 maps. 295 references. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1947. 30s.

The Grasslands of North America: Prolegomena to its History. By James C. Malin. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. vii+398. Bibliography: pp. 336–397. Lithoprinted. Lawrence, Kansas: James C. Malin, 1947. $3.00.

EDUCATIONAL

Industrial and Commercial Geography. By J. Russell Smith and M. Ogden Phillips. 9 1/2 × 6. Pp. xv+978. Graphs, maps, and diagrams. 50 tables. New York: Henry Holt and Co. London: Constable and Co. Ltd. Third edition, 1947. 30s.

Meteorology for All. By Irving Kohn. 8×5. Pp. vi+162. 68 figs. 8 photographs. New York: Barnes and Noble Inc., 1946. $2.00.

Prelude to Geology. By H. H. Kent, M.A. 7 1/4 × 4 3/4. Pp. 120. 12 figs. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1947. 6s.

Forestry. By H. L. Edlin, B.Sc. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.48. 34 illustrations. Young Farmers’ Club Booklet No. 20. London: Pilot Press Ltd., n.d. 1s.

The New Oxford Geographies. Book IV, Part 2. The British Isles. By Jasper H. Stembridge. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. viii+192. 82 figs. 12 plates. Four extracts from Ordnance Survey maps. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1947. 4s 6d.

The Story of Gibraltar. By H. W. Howes, M.A., M.Sc, Ph.d. Foreword by Lt.‐General Sir Thomas Ralph Eastwood, K.C.B., D.S.O., M.C. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 94. 16 plates. 2 sketch maps. London: Philip and Tacey Ltd., 1946. 4s.

Soviet Land: The Country, its People, and their Work. By G. D. B. Gray. 8×6. Pp. viii+324. 141 figs. 85 photographs. London: Adam and Charles Black Ltd., 1947. 12s 6d.

North America. By E. G. Ashton, m.a. 8×5. Pp. 394. 63 figs. 43 photographs. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. Revised and enlarged edition, 1947. 10s 6d.

The Pacific Basin: A Human and Economic Geography. By Gordon L. Wood, M.A., Litt.D., and Patricia Ross McBride, M.A. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. xx+393. Frontispiece. 184 figs. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Second edition, revised and enlarged, 1946. 12s 6d.

The Use of Aerial Survey in Forestry and Agriculture. By J. W. B. Sisam. 9 3/4 × 7 1/2. Pp. 59. 67 photographs. Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Joint Publication, No. 9. Oxford: Imperial Forestry Bureau; Aberystwyth: Imperial Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops. Aberystwyth: Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, Central Sales Branch, 1947. 7s 6d.     

Picturing Austria–Hungary. The British Perception of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1865–1870

In the late 1960s a Joint Nordic Co-operative Assistance Project was established in Tanzania. Its objective was to promote co-operative development in Tanzania based on Nordic experiences in the field. The project's effort to export Nordic co-operative ideas and traditions to Tanzania soon encountered major problems as the Government of Tanzania (GoT) launched a villagization process in the beginning of the 1970s, which sought to move the entire peasant population into ujamaa villages. The resettlement effort was implemented with the use of force and coercion and implied a dismantling of the traditional co-operative structures in Tanzania. This article finds that the Nordic countries helped facilitate GoT's compulsory policy by adjusting and restructuring the project to GoT's villagization strategy, despite the fact that the primary objective of the project was no longer present. As the article will reveal, there was a clear concern in the Nordic aid administrations that the Nordic project could be linked with the politics of coercion ingrained in the ujamaa policy.