北京中低收入社区育儿人群的服务设施需求研究

服务设施需求分析是建设社区生活圈和完整社区的基础。已有研究关注服务设施供给的空间配置或评价,对服务设施需求的研究并不多见,尤其缺少对育儿人群等细分人群的研究。本文以此为切入点,讨论在二孩政策和年轻人少子化观念影响下,社区应当给予育儿人群什么样的服务设施支持。基于2017年北京公平与包容调查问卷数据,本文采用有序多分类模型分析中低收入社区居民对教育、医疗等10类设施的需求偏好。结果显示育儿人群对各类设施的需求和访问频率都超出其他人群,且相关需求存在性别差异;二孩家庭对服务设施的依赖性强于独生子女家庭,且因子女处于不同年龄段的家庭需求也有所差异。最后,本文提出了育儿人群所需服务设施的分类体系,以期为精细化社区服务设施规划提供参考。     

多尺度下中国人口老龄化风险集群的时空格局——Flexible空间扫描计量方法的应用

运用Flexible空间扫描计量方法,对比分析了省、市和县域尺度上的老龄化风险集群的时空格局。发现：老龄化成为全国人口结构转型的主旋律,少子化成为新常态,老龄化区域非均衡加剧,并存多种区域模式;三种尺度识别出的风险集群都集中分布于东南半壁;集群的风险程度与地域范围随时间不断扩大,但集群间的风险差异趋于缩小。总体而言,尺度越小,识别出的集群分布越分散,定位越精确,风险越高,差异越大。针对不同地区的人口-经济发展情况,提出保障生育,发展养老产业,基本公共服务均等化,就地、近城镇化等的老龄化风险应对策略。     

Mapping schools' NAPLAN results: a spatial inequality of school outcomes in Australia

This article identifies spatial dimensions of educational outcomes using maps of the 2016 Grade 5 reading results for Australia's National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy for all Australian schools. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to overlay schools' results onto suburbs' advantage or disadvantage to visualise spatial patterns. We then examined the extent to which school results “cluster” in socio‐economically advantaged and disadvantaged suburbs and considered the consistency of spatial patterns for results across major cities. That work illustrates both how GIS can foreground educational inequality and how “the spatial” is more than corollary for student socio‐economic status. Results show substantial differences between urban and remote areas and towns of different size. Maps of cities visualise spatial “clustering” patterns of school results, with most schools in advantaged suburbs having high results and almost no schools in disadvantaged suburbs having high results. Educational outcomes strongly align to local socio‐demographic characteristics, and parallel host communities’ levels of advantage or disadvantage. Differences between public and private schools are less significant than within‐sector differences for schools in advantaged or disadvantaged locales. Patterns in all cities are consistent—schools in advantaged suburbs predominantly have high results, whereas non‐government schools generally perform better than government schools in disadvantaged suburbs. Most concerning is the persistent and increasing trajectory of results in advantaged, and more so in disadvantaged suburbs, of all cities since the first National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy in 2008. Ameliorating spatial inequality between primary schools is one of the greatest challenges for Australians.     

Spiro Mounds,Oklahoma: Dental Evidence for Subsistence Strategies

Spiro Mounds was a ceremonial complex located on the Arkansas River, situated in a natural corridor between the Southeast, the Plains, and the Southwestern United States. Considered a quintessential Mississippian site (ad 1000–ad 1450), Spiro was strategically placed as a cultural gateway. Here, dental evidence is presented to aid in the determination of dietary regime and overall population health. The hypothesis regarding the delayed transition to maize agriculture in the Arkansas River Valley will be tested through population comparisons of dental remains. This study will expand the bioarchaeological investigation of a region that has had limited systematic examination. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between Alluvial, Upland, and Plains environmental zones, and the pattern of dental pathology. Assaults on the dentition at Spiro are moderate. Caries and hypoplasia rates fall just under but approaching those expected for agricultural populations (57% and 49%, respectively). The high number of occlusal caries indicates slower cariogenic destruction and a slower attrition rate. Ante mortem tooth loss was low (18%), with moderate dental attrition (61%). The dental analysis of Spiro Mounds reveals a population with little generalised stress resulting from environmental or sociocultural influences. Comparisons of Spiro to other larger sites in the Mississippian sphere is revealing regarding widespread cultural traditions and their affect on population health; Spiro's unique circumstances give evidence of a population in transition to maize agriculture, but not fully committed to it. Higher status individuals were slower to change from the subsistence strategies that had made them biologically successful. Recent isotope data support this conclusion. The delayed role of maize agriculture at Spiro Mounds, as well as its ideal location within the Mississippian sphere, indicates a different social evolution than other influential Mississippian centres. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西方学界关于中世纪英国工资史的研究

工资史是经济史研究中的一个重要组成部分,西方史学界对中世纪英国工资史的关注由来已久,大致经历了三个阶段:开端,主要是数据的统计与整理;拓展,经历了人口论和货币论关于工资涨幅影响因素的争论;深入,从经济—社会史角度研究工资史。理清楚这些线索,对我们进行中世纪英国工资水平的探讨无疑具有重要的意义。     

1966～1976年的上海职业人口

“文化大革命”期间,上海的职工人数增长了127．14万人。这主要是因为20世纪50年代生育高峰期的人口,每年以20万人以上的规模,从非在业状态转向在业状态。上海全民单位的职工主要来源于毕业生(高达72．28％)和复退军人,其他人员皆因“身份羁绊”难有机缘。这一期间,因上海从事第二产业人数及比重持续上升,终于使上海失去了金融、贸易等城市型经济功能,从一个综合型城市转变为生产型城市,并造成城市布局混乱、交通拥挤、工业区与居民区杂处等一系列影响人们生活的社会矛盾和困难。     

GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF FERTILITY DECLINE IN GUANGDONG: CHINA'S POPULATION POLICY THROUGH THE CENSUSES OF 1982 AND 1990

Notwithstanding the intense debate on the political and ethical aspects of China's population-control policies, detailed geographical examination of their impact on fertility decline has been scarce. Recently released data from the 1990 census, together with the 1982 census information, provide an opportunity for further observations of fertility decline in a multitude of small areas throughout some of China's provinces. Due to its unique geopolitical position within China (accentuated by the recent transfer of Hong Kong, as well as the impending return of Macao to Chinese control) the particular target for this small-area analysis is the province of Guangdong. The examination presented in this study facilitates the juxtaposition of past and present population-control policies of the central government against observations of fertility decline in a continuum of small areas in this province. A comparison between 93 contiguous subareas throughout Guangdong shows that fertility decline between the two censuses has been consistent with regional development in the province, but not necessarily with a uniform application of the declared one-child population policy. As elsewhere in China, economic development in Guangdong has been linked to geographical regions singled out for economic liberties under recent reforms. In Guangdong, this linkage gives rise to a particularly simple pattern, showing fertility decline consistent with conventional topographical classification of the province. As such, the observed pattern provides a tool in the continuing discourse on the value and impact of China's population policy. Malgré les débats intenses sur les implications politiques et morales des politiques chinoises sur le contrôle de la population, très peu d'études géographiques détaillées ont été faites au sujet de l'effet de cette politique sur les baisses de natalité en Chine. Les informations récemment révélées suite au recensement de la population exécuté en 1990, ainsi que les informations recueillies lors du recensement de 1982, nous fournissent l'occasion de faire de plus amples observations de baisses de natalité dans une multitude de petites zones dans quelques unes des provinces chinoises. La province de Guangdong est une cible qui convient bien à cette analyse de petites zones, grâce à sa situation géopolitique unique, une situation qui a été renforcée par la récente restitution de Hongkong au gouvernement chinois et qui sera renforcée de plus par le retour futur de Macao. Dans cette étude, nous examinerons les politiques passées et présentes sur le contrôle de la population qui ont été effectuées par le gouvernement central, par le biais d'observations sur la chute de la natalité dans tous les petits territoires du Guangdong. A l'intérieur de cette province, une comparaison effectuée entre 93 zones limitrophes démontre que la baisse de la natalité qui a eu lieu entre le recensement de 1982 et celui de 1990, bien que liée au développement régional de cette province, n'est pas forcément la conséquence de l'application uniforme de la politique démographique déclarée de ?l'enfant unique?. Au Guangdong, comme dans d'autres régions de Chine, le développement économique a également été liéà la libéralisation de l'économie, effectuée par les réformes récemment établies dans des régions particulières. Au Guangdong, cette relation revêt d'une forme particulièrement simple, ce qui démontre les liens qui existent entre la baisse de la natalité et la classification topographique conventionnelle de cette province. En tant que telle, le pattern observé est un outil utile dans la réflexion sur la valeur et les résultats de la politique démographique chinoise.     

General practice access in regional and remote Australia for ageing populations

Identifying and removing access barriers to the timely provision of comprehensive health care is increasingly important for the wellbeing of Australia's rapidly ageing and frail populations, particularly those in non‐metropolitan settings. This study has examined if current general practice (GP) locations in non‐metropolitan South Australia (SA) and Western Australia (WA) are geographically accessible to the rapidly growing frail and prefrail populations known to have a high level of health service use and reduced mobility. Geospatial analysis linking 60‐kilometre GP service catchments, 2016 population counts, and 2027 population projections has estimated that the size of the frail and prefrail population that live outside these GP service catchments will double, reaching 7,800 people by 2027. The maldistribution of GP locations was most evident in WA. As regional and remote populations continue to age, the challenge of health service provision, including geographic access to care, must be resolved to ensure that populations in these areas have the best opportunity to age well. Geospatial methods linking service and demographic information, such as the approach used in this analysis, can aid in planning the equitable provision of health care for older Australians.     

What can we make of these fragments? Excavation at ‘Mamilla’ Cave,Byzantine period,Jerusalem

This paper reports on the pathology and discrete traits of 1388 vertebrae uncovered from a mass burial site at ‘Mamilla’ cave, Jerusalem, dated to the Byzantine period. Observations of the vertebrae were aimed at reconstructing an anthropological profile of the population, by describing such factors as the frequency of pathology and discrete traits, and age at death of the population. The results show that most of the victims were relatively young, and that they differed significantly in their epigenetic traits from Jews and nomadic Arabs. The results reinforce earlier assumptions that the skeletal material excavated at Mamilla cave represents the Christian population of the city, massacred by the Persians in 614 ad . Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.