Palaeo‐formation water evolution in the Latrobe aquifer,Gippsland Basin,south‐eastern Australia continental shelf

Offshore fresh or brackish groundwater has been observed around the globe and represents an interesting but unusual freshwater reserve. Formation waters in sedimentary basins evolve at geological time through fluid–rock interactions and water movements in aquifers. However, the mechanism and timing of freshwater displacing and mixing with pre‐existing formation water offshore under the seafloor has not been investigated in many cases. The growing need for developing freshwater resources in deeper parts of sedimentary basins that have not been economic or technically feasible in the past, may potentially lead to an increasing conflict with petroleum production or injection of carbon dioxide. For being able to assess and mitigate possible impacts of fluid production or injection on groundwater flow and quality, a better understanding of the natural history of the interaction between fresh meteoric water and deep basin formation water is necessary. A low‐salinity wedge of meteoric origin with less than 5000 ppm currently extends to about 20 km offshore in the confined Latrobe aquifer in the Gippsland Basin (Australia). The Latrobe aquifer is a freshwater resource in the onshore, hosts major petroleum reservoirs and has been considered for carbon dioxide storage in the offshore parts of the basin. The objective of this study is to constrain the evolution of formation water in the Latrobe aquifer by investigating the water naturally trapped in fluid inclusions during burial. The measured palaeo‐salinities from onshore and offshore rock samples have a minimum of about 12 500 ppm (NaCl equivalent) and a maximum of about 50 000 ppm. Most of the salinities are in the 32 000–35 000 ppm range. There is no evidence for freshwater in fluid inclusions and the variation in palaeo‐salinity across the basin is consistent with the palaeogeography of deposition of the sedimentary rocks. The current low‐salinity water wedge must have started to form recently after most of the diagenetic processes that led to the trapping of water in fluid inclusions happened. The minimum homogenisation temperatures (T_h) recorded are consistent with current formation temperature. However, they are generally higher than present day suggesting that hotter temperatures were attained in the past. The T_h and salinity data together suggest that the fluid inclusions record the diagenetic modification of connate water to higher salinities over a time period that was accompanied by an increase in temperature, consistent with a westward palaeo‐fluid flow from the deeper part of the basin through the aquifer. Subsequent pore‐water evolution from palaeo‐ to current day conditions is consistent with an influx of fresher and cooler meteoric water into the Latrobe Group. The meteoric recharge originates from the area of the Baragwanath anticline in the onshore part of the basin where the Latrobe Group subcrops at high elevations.     

大型体育场馆对城市居民休闲体育行为时空规律的影响研究——以国内三个城市为例

建成环境与身体活动的关系备受地理学者关注。休闲体育活动是一种融合体育运动和游憩的休闲性身体活动。大型体育场馆作为城市重要的休闲体育建成环境,关注其对居民休闲体育行为影响研究尚不足。基于三个城市大型体育场馆的居民休闲体育行为调查,本文探讨大型体育场馆对居民休闲体育行为时空规律及其影响因素。研究发现：①距离场馆越远,休闲体育者到访越少;因交通网覆盖度及交通可达性提升,局部呈现多中心集聚衰减特征。②10 km以内距离集中90%以上休闲体育者,30 min以内时间最可接受。③家庭结构、场馆活动频率和满意度对到访时空规律影响不显著;年龄、月收入和文化程度等对3 km以内影响较大;随距离增加,休闲体育偏好和机动化出行方式等影响显著。     

Sea level rise or shallow-water midden deposition? Archaeopedology at the Seminole Rest archaeological site,coastal East-Central Florida

Sedimentological and faunal studies at the Seminole Rest archaeological site on the Atlantic coast of Volusia County, FL, addressed the question of whether construction of the large shell mound at the site began on dry land or in the shallow waters of Mosquito Lagoon. Particle-size analysis defined a sand body beneath the hardshell clam mound, which is bordered by mucky tidal marsh and the shallow, silty lagoon. Weathered kaolinite, hydroxy-interlayer vermiculite, and gibbsite clays in the sub-mound sediments, identified by X-ray diffraction, contrasted with the ‘shrink-swell’ smectite clays of the tidal marsh and mound periphery and corroborated the particle-size evidence of a sand bar or bank. The presence in the sub-mound sediments of articulated valves of the diminutive Brown Gem Clam (Parastarte triquetra, Family Veneridae), and their absence in the silty marsh sediments, presented another line of evidence for a sand body beneath the mound. Parastarte is a common inhabitant of shallowly submerged sand bars. The existence of articulated valves of all size classes below the mound argues for a thriving population of the clams in their preferred habitat at the onset of mound deposition, which would have begun in the shallow water adjacent to the shore and not on dry land.     

美国法律史研究领域的"赫斯特革命"

J .威拉德·赫斯特教授在 2 0世纪下半叶使美国法律史研究走出了专注于法律自身演变的所谓法律内史的黑盒子 ,转而从法律和社会的相互作用中探讨美国法律的历史发展 ,在法律史学界掀起了一场“赫斯特革命” ,结果使美国法律史研究经历了一次群星荟萃的学术复兴。尽管“赫斯特革命”的局限性在世纪之交时变得日益明显 ,但它在美国法律史研究中的主流地位仍未动摇。因此 ,不研究赫斯特和他的影响 ,就不可能有新的突破 ,对于在美国法律史研究上尚处于起步阶段的中国学术界来说 ,就更是如此     

保护好大遗址是考古工作者义不容辞的责任——在中国大遗址保护研讨会开幕式上的讲话

尊敬的张忠培先生、汪继祥社长、各位嘉宾、各位专家:大家好!在这盛夏的七月,我们从祖国的四面八方来到草原都市——呼和浩特。这里的天格外蓝,风格外凉爽,空气格外清新,使我们这些来自内地都市、饱受酷暑热浪和汽车尾气夹击的人们感到格外的舒适、惬意。来自科学出版社的10位年轻的女编辑以整齐划一     

中国大遗址保护的问题

今天这个会议就是一个主题,即要保护好大遗址。出席本次会议的代表来自考古学、保护规划、科技保护、文物行政和考古文物出版等方面。且都是当前的文物考古界各个方面的主力军,有些还担任一定的业务行政职务。本次会议由学术研究和出版单位发起、组织和主办,这么多领域的人员出席,来     

大遗址考古发掘与保护的几个问题

一、背景大遗址的概念是我国文化遗产保护在全球视野下从近十几年来的遗址保护与管理工作中提出的一个重要概念。尽管这个概念在目前还没有清晰而科学的法定量化界     

试论考古与遗址保护

一、考古遗址的价值功能(一)古代遗址的价值功能保存至今的古代遗址,其价值功能主要体现在如下三个方面。第一,历史载体。除了传世的古代文献之外,我们了解古代历史的惟一途径就是发掘古代遗址。任何一个古代遗址,都是人类     

Reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediments: a long-term study on wood degradation

Historical shipwrecks in marine environments are continuously decomposed by wood-degrading organisms, adapted to this specific environment. To protect the wrecks from degradation and to preserve the unique remains for future generations, reburial of wrecks using various covering materials has been suggested as a long-term preservation method. The following experiment was carried out to study the bio-protective effect of sediment. Sound oak, pine, and birch samples were buried above and within marine sediment in Marstrand harbour, and retrieved for analysis after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Macroscopic as well as light-microscopic examinations were carried out on each occasion. Marine borers (shipworm, Limnoria), soft rot and tunnelling bacteria were wood degraders immediately above the seabed; soft rot, tunnelling bacteria, and erosion bacteria were active 10 cm below the seabed; erosion bacteria were the only degraders at a depth of 43 cm below the seabed. The wood species had different durability towards the decay agents. After 3 years, wood samples above the seabed were totally decomposed, whereas wood was highly protected at 43 cm depth in sediment. In the sediment, decay decreased significantly with depth of burial. The results suggest that reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediment can be recommended as a simple and efficient method for long-term preservation of the wooden cultural heritage.     

殷墟小屯宫殿宗庙区甲组夯土基址的处理与加固保护

田野考古发掘的夯土建筑基址是文化遗产的重要组成部分,也是近年来文物保护领域的重点研究对象之一。殷墟宫殿区内发掘的夯土建筑,作为一种特殊历史文物,是见证人类社会发展的重要实物。保护和利用好现有的遗址,有着十分重要的历史意义和现实意义。根据保护土质文物的原则和要求,经过针对相关样品的分析测试,在取得一定经验的基础上,使用土质文物加固剂对建筑基址进行了全面的处理和保护。