Ivane Tarkhnishvili (Tarchanoff): A Major Georgian Figure from the Russian Physiological School

This article is dedicated to one of the outstanding scientists of the nineteenth century: Ivane Tarkhnishvili (Tarchanoff), a Russian physiologist of Georgian origin who graduated from the St. Petersburg Medico-Surgical Academy and worked under the supervision of the founder of Russian physiology, Ivan Sechenov. Among his numerous contributions was the discovery of the skin galvanic reflex; however, Tarkhnishvili's most significant contribution was the discovery of the influence of X-rays on the central nervous system, animal behavior, the heart and circulation, and embryonic development. Indeed, these works have given rise to a new field in science (radiobiology).     

中部地区典型煤炭城市接续产业响应模式分析及比较

在煤炭城市转型的基础上采取适宜的转型路径和适当的响应模式,是煤炭城市实现可持续发展的必须条件。本文基于产业生命周期发展理论,在确定中部地区典型煤炭城市接续产业的前提下,利用SOFM模型,将中部地区典型煤炭城市发展接续产业响应模式进行了系统分类,并确定了具体的四类响应模式及相应阶段的特征,最后针对城市煤炭城市接续产业响应模式提出了相应的政策建议。     

蒙东地区与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作研究

我国蒙东地区与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作是建设新兴的蒙东资源基地和振兴东北老工业基地的必然要求。通过在蒙东地区及东北三省的深入调查,发现这两大区域煤炭资源开发的区域合作已经形成一些典型案例,可以分别从上级政府强势干预、地方政府积极推动、中央、地方、企业联动、企业自发参与这四种模式来认识这些案例所反映的区域合作特征、效应与问题。为深入推进蒙东与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作,政府干预应着重协调区域合作的地区格局,促进企业的多元参与,建设跨地区运输通道与生态工程,推进地方政府间的配合与协调。     

传统村落文化对城乡一体化的统筹性响应机理

后改革时代中国的城乡发展亟需改变以往城市偏向型发展观导向下忽视甚至漠视乡村的发展,逐步转向区域同步发展观下的城乡统筹协调发展。城乡一体化实质上是城乡联动发展中不断实现城乡文化共融的过程。传统村落是整体上延续并传承了我国优秀传统文化的典型乡村聚落,乡土文化是其区别于城市文化的独特价值所在。本文从文化地理学视角,从"地方性"角度重新定义传统村落并剖析其文化空间和空间的文化价值,探讨城乡一体化对传统村落文化及其空间演变的综合影响,最后提出传统村落文化对城乡一体化的统筹性响应策略。     

Climate change and Zhou relocations in early Chinese history

In Chinese history, the development of the Zhou tribes and the dynasties that succeeded them between 3550 and 2200 BP in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is known as the period of ‘Five Relocations’. Most of these relocations appear to have been forced by the pressure of nomadic invasions and occupations from the northern steppe. Historians simply attributed these relocations to political and military causes. However, palaeoclimatic studies show that the Zhou tribes and their successor dynasties developed at the demise of the Holocene Climatic Optimum when regional climate became highly variable and unstable. An integrated analysis of environmental change over the Loess Plateau and the Mongolian steppe facilitates a credible understanding of the linkage between climatic events and these relocations. It indicates that the relocations caused an expansion or contraction of the settled regions over the drought-prone semi-arid lands. During climatic amelioration, dry farming societies pushed upward to the Loess Plateau where increased precipitation and soil moisture allowed cereals to be cultivated. When hit by droughts and the associated disasters, both the dry farming societies and the nomadic tribes had to move southward to find an environment suitable for their food production. Migration and relocation were, therefore, basic strategies to secure the resources necessary to sustain an agricultural economy. The settled frontier was pulled back as dry farming societies from the upland plateau retreated to the lowland riverbanks of the Guanzhong Basin. Even though there were political and military intentions, climatic events played an essential role in the relocations of the Zhou tribes and the successive dynasties.     

浅析地震毁损房屋的按揭贷款

通过分析房屋按揭贷款中的法律关系,明确了地震毁损房屋的按揭贷款的法律责任应由受灾人承担。但现实中受灾人不具有承担能力,执行的合法性与合理性发生冲突,汶川地震后我国政府采取的一系列解决措施不具有可重复使用性。有必要通过完善配套保险法律制度、建立国家巨灾风险专项基金、建立灾难法律援助制度、引进个人破产制度等来有效解决。     

Earthquakes and Tie-Rods: Assessment,Design, and Ductility Issues

The effectiveness of tie-rods is widely stressed in past earthquakes and they are still used today as reinforcement intervention, given that their use is a low-invasive and low-expensive technique. However, the earthquake design of these devices is not so simple since the main feature of a tie-rod derives from its ductility and that should be preserved as was done in the past. In this article, some considerations about static and seismic design of tie-rods are made, highlighting the main failure modes of the system. To assess seismic vulnerability of I-mode mechanism, displacement-based methods are usually used, requiring high elongation capability of the tie-rods. For this reason, an experimental campaign was carried out to define clearly the maximum elongation of tie-rods and to investigate the influence of bar length on ductility. The results have shown a good displacement capacity that decreases with the increase of steel strength. A simplified formulation, obtained from nonlinear kinematic analysis, is derived to evaluate quickly the seismic vulnerability of I-mode mechanism with tie-rods and to design this common retrofitting intervention in existing buildings.     

Santa Maria di Collemaggio Church (L’Aquila,Italy): Historical Reconstruction by Non-Destructive Testing Techniques

The main goal of this work was the non-destructive testing (NDT) of an ancient fresco (15th century) preserved in the Santa Maria di Collemaggio Church (L’Aquila, Italy) and damaged after the 2009 earthquake. Active infrared thermography (IRT), near-infrared (NIR) reflectography and ultraviolet imaging (UV) were used. In addition, the state of the fresco prior to the earthquake was analyzed by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), digital speckle correlation (DSC), raking light, tap, and chemical NDT techniques. The use of these techniques was important for the monitoring of new damages and for a comparison between the results over the years. Square heating thermography (SHT) data were processed using principal component thermography (PCT) and pulsed phase thermography (PPT) algorithms, in order to improve the defects’ signature and to reduce the impact of non-uniform heating and emissivity variations due to the painting’s pigments. A multi-analysis approach, segmentation operators and a specific data correlation method emphasize the overall study of the fresco. Furthermore, the facade and the high altar area were inspected by passive thermography and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), respectively. In the present case, the combined use of NDT techniques was useful to fill in the gaps in the construction history of the building.     

Response of Alum Rock springs to the October 30, 2007 Alum Rock earthquake and implications for the origin of increased discharge after earthquakes

The origins of increased stream flow and spring discharge following earthquakes have been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. On October 30, 2007 a magnitude 5.5 earthquake occurred near the Alum Rock springs, California, USA. Within a day we documented a several‐fold increase in discharge. Over the following year, we have monitored a gradual return towards pre‐earthquake properties, but for the largest springs there appears to be a permanent increase in discharge. The Alum Rock springs discharge waters that are a mixture between modern (shallow) meteoric water and old (deep) connate waters expelled by regional transpression. After the earthquake, there was a small and temporary decrease in the fraction of connate water in the largest springs. Accompanying this geochemical change was a small (1–2°C) temperature decrease. Combined with the rapid response, this implies that the increased discharge has a shallow origin. Increased discharge at these springs occurs both for earthquakes that cause static volumetric expansion and for those that cause contraction, supporting models in which dynamic strains are responsible for the subsurface changes that cause flow to increase. We make a quantitative comparison between the observed changes and model predictions for three types of models: (i) a permanent increase in permeability; (ii) an increase in permeability followed by a gradual decrease to its pre‐earthquake value; and (iii) an increase of hydraulic head in the groundwater system discharging at the springs. We show that models in which the permeability of the fracture system feeding the springs increases after the earthquake are in general consistent with the changes in discharge. The postseismic decrease in discharge could either reflect the groundwater system adjusting to the new, higher permeability or a gradual return of permeability to pre‐earthquake values; the available data do not allow us to distinguish between these two scenarios. However, the response of these springs to another earthquake will provide critical constraints on the changes that occur in the subsurface and should permit a test of all three types of models.     

Cultural Site Formation Processes in Maritime Archaeology: Disaster Response, Salvage and Muckelroy 30 Years on

Thirty years after Muckelroy's seminal 1976 paper on shipwreck site formation, research on the cultural processes which contribute to the creation and modification of shipwrecks remains limited. It is proposed that by adopting a process-oriented framework, we can integrate and synthesize the documentary, oral and archaeological evidence of human response to shipwreck into a structure which parallels the physical progress of the disaster. Possible cultural responses to shipwreck are considered, from pre-voyage planning through to post-impact salvage, including physical correlations potentially visible in the archaeological record.
© 2006 The Author