ESTIMATION OF GROUND MOTION ACCELERATION AND BUILDING RESPONSE TO A LONG DISTANCE EARTHQUAKE

In October 1995 an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurred in Sumatra, 450 km from Singapore. Tremors were felt by occupants of several buildings in Singapore and were recorded as an RMS acceleration value by instruments installed in a high-rise condominium. Based on this value and considering instrumental effects, site conditions and building characteristics, this paper investigates the ground motion accelerations and the building response.     

SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN FLORENCE CITY ITALY

A seismic hazard analysis of Florence city was performed in the frame of a project concerning the dynamic behaviour of cable-stayed bridges. Both a probabilistic approach and a methodology based on the use of a local macroseismic catalogue were applied. A local catalogue was expressly compiled for this purpose, to collect the macroseismic intensities actually observed at the site as a result of past earthquakes. This sort of catalogue is an independent tool to verify the assumptions of the probabilistic approach (seismic zoning, earthquake recurrence relation, attenuation model), though it can supply results in terms of macroseismic intensity only and reflects the effective seismic history at the site, without taking into account any variability. The Cornell' methodology was used to assess probabilistic hazard in terms of macroseismic intensity, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudovelocity uniform response spectra. The local catalogue points out level VII of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale (MCS) as the maximum intensity historically observed in Florence. The probabilistic approach leads to the consideration of intensity VIII MCS as the maximum credible for the city. The probabilistic analysis in terms of ground motion was performed using attenuation relations estimated for alluvium sites, since the geology of Florence area is represented by fluvial and lacustrine deposits of various thickness. Peak ground acceleration values with 90% non exceedence probability in 50 and 500 years are respectively 145 and 219 cm/s's for a shallow alluvium site, and 95 and 157 cm/s's for a deep alluvium site; the corresponding peak ground velocity values for sites located on alluvium are 6.41 and 11.76 cm/s. Uniform response spectra are provided for shallow and deep alluvium sites, according to frequency-dependent attenuation relations estimated from strong Italian earthquakes.     

基于集体记忆的震后北川老县城空间重构

汶川地震重灾区北川老县城为案例地,以地震受灾群体老县城居民为研究样本,通过问卷调查与访谈挖掘灾后遗址唤起居民的集体记忆和空间,通过认知地图和GIS空间分析对比遗址官方记忆空间、居民集体认知-情感空间、行为空间的差异,揭示现实空间与居民集体记忆空间互动影响机制。灾后日常记忆、灾难记忆夹杂在一起,产生怀旧、创伤等情感,构成居民复杂的集体记忆。尽管具体空间引发的情感以负面为主,但居民对老县城整体还是充满了积极的地方依恋和认同。     

The Use of a Large-Scale Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Approach for Masonry Façade Walls as an Effective Tool for Evaluating,Managing and Mitigating Seismic Risk in Historical Centers

ABSTRACT

The vulnerability assessment of the building stock in a given territorial area, such as a city or an entire country, is a key prerequisite for evaluating risk, not only because of the potential physical consequences resulting from the occurrence of an event, but also because it is one of the few aspects in which engineering research can intervene. In fact, the rigorous vulnerability assessment of existing buildings followed by the implementation of appropriate retrofitting solutions can help to substantially reduce the levels of physical damage and economic impact of future events. Particularly regarding the seismic vulnerability assessment of historical centers, the amount of knowledge that has been accumulated over the past decades, together with the broad damage data obtained from post-earthquake damage surveys, provides a singular opportunity to develop and calibrate innovative large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment approaches, which can be used to outline and support risk mitigation and management strategies. This article addresses this issue by discussing the use of a large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment methodology for masonry façade walls as a tool for evaluating the potential benefit resulting from the application of different seismic retrofitting strategies, both considering their contribution to reduce post-event urban losses and accessibility.     

克洛马事件与台湾当局的应对

1939年,日本侵占南沙群岛,改名为新南群岛,划归台湾总督府管辖。1946年12月12日,中国军队登陆太平岛,竖立界碑,重申对南沙群岛的主权。1950年,台湾当局自太平岛撤出军队。1951年,《旧金山和约》签署,规定"日本放弃对南沙群岛及西沙群岛之一切权利、权利根据与要求"。这改变不了南沙群岛、西沙群岛属于中国领土一部分的事实。1956年,菲律宾商人克洛马代表"人道王国",占据了南沙群岛的几座岛礁。其属于个人行为,不具有官方身份。台湾当局立即要求菲律宾政府承认南沙群岛属于中国领土,制止克洛马的非法行为。同时,台湾当局派海军巡航南沙群岛,在太平岛驻军,劝离克洛马探险队,来巩固对南沙群岛的司法管辖权。美国政府要求台湾当局通过和平谈判,避免流血冲突。不甘心失败,克洛马拟要求联合国仲裁南沙群岛争端。     

Ivane Tarkhnishvili (Ivan Tarchanoff) and His Links With Poland

According to some sources, Professor Ivan Tarchanoff (Ivane Tarkhanishvili) died in Saint Petersburg in 1908. In fact, he died in Poland in his house in Nawojowa Góra, a suburb of Krzeszowice, not far from Kraków. A student and later assistant of Tarchanoff in Saint Petersburg, Napoleon Cybulski, was then professor of physiology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and its rector and deputy rector. It is hardly known that Tarchanoff spent the last three years of his life mainly in Galicia, at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There, near Kraków, he built himself a house and it was in Galicia (in Kraków and Lemberg [Polish Lwów, today Lviv]) that he worked on some of his last papers. The strong link between Tarchanoff and Polish physiology is not sufficiently well known and deserves to be recognized.     

基于资本与场域理论的徽州地名变迁的社会响应与内在机理研究

立足社会大转型语境,收集有关徽州建制与地名变更争议的网络素材,借鉴批判范式、结合场域与社会记忆理论、采用语义网络分析对徽州地名变迁的社会响应与内在机理进行阐释。发现：社会响应存在明显的社群差异。婺源第一次改隶时民间强烈反抗并起到效果,第二次改隶后为多数民众所认可。媒体人群体、专家学者、普通民众与地方政府对徽州更名与复名的看法不尽相同,语义网络结构差异显著,关注重点亦有所不同。政治权力、经济资本与社会记忆分别推动徽州地名场域的边界重构、式微让步及其与黄山地名场域的交融共存是徽州地名变迁的内在机理。     

青海原生态民歌反映论

原生态民歌热唱现象,反映出当今社会大众的心理和文化倾向,引起了全社会对民族口授文化遗产更多的重视。分析并关注这些大众心理和文化倾向,不仅有利于提高全社会对青海非物质文化遗产——民歌的更多关注,也为从民歌角度认识社会提供了一条有效的途径。     

The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and water‐rock interaction after an earthquake

Hydrogeochemical monitoring of a basalt‐hosted aquifer, which contains Ice Age meteoric water and is situated at 1220 m below sea level in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, northern Iceland, has been ongoing since July 2002. Based on hydrogeochemical changes following an earthquake of magnitude (M_w) 5.8 on 16 September 2002, we constrained the timescales of post‐seismic fault sealing and water–rock interaction. We interpret that the earthquake ruptured a hydrological barrier, permitting a rapid influx of chemically and isotopically distinct Ice Age meteoric water from a second aquifer. During the two subsequent years, we monitored a chemical and isotopic recovery towards pre‐earthquake aquifer compositions, which we interpret to have been mainly facilitated by fault‐sealing processes. This recovery was interrupted in November 2004 by a second rupturing event, which was probably induced by two minor earthquakes and which reopened the pathway to the second aquifer. We conclude that the timescale of fault sealing was approximately 2 years and that the approach to isotopic equilibrium (from global meteoric water line) was approximately 18% after >10⁴ years.     

RÉSEAUX ÉLECTRONIQUES ET ESPACES JURIDIQUES: EXPÉRIMENTATION EN NORD-PAS DE CALAIS

La région administrative du Nord-Pas de Calais mène dans le cadre d'un programme de développement européen une politique volontaire en matiére de NTIC. Ces expérimentations ont conduit l'auteur à l'étude des rapports sociaux réticulaires, donné sociologique qui permet d'inférer des difficultés juridiques pour l'expansion régionale, sur son territoire comme dans ses rapports avec ses tuteurs. Les expériences en cours ont pour effet un déplacement de et dans l'espace social, induisant une réorganisation juridique.
As part of a European-wide expansion program, the administration of the Nord-Pas de Calais region has initiated a voluntary policy regarding new technologies in information and communication. These tests have led the author to analyze social relationships occurring on networks. This social interaction allows one to infer the legal difficulties of regional expansion within the territory and within relationships with tutelary authorities. The tests currently in progress lead to shifting of, and within, the social framework, bringing about legal reorganization.